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Greece Geography • • • • • Lots of mountains About 80% of Greece is covered in mountains Mount Olympus is the highest peak. Isolated Greeks from each other Small communities encouraged participation in government by the citizens. • Greece covered a vast amount of water as well. • Aegean sea—on the eastern border of Greece. Contains the islands of Greece and Crete. Writing • What do buildings say about a society/civilization? • What can you learn from buildings? • Name 3 physical differences between ancient buildings and modern buildings. Appliances/furniture things don’t count. I want structural differences. Minoans • Minoans were a bronze age civilization the began around 2800 B.C. • Lasted until 1450 B.C. • Resided on the island of Crete • Major influence on the Greek cultures of the mainland. • Named Minoans after king Minos • Labyrinth and the Minotaur. Mycenae • • • • • 1600 B.C. to 1100 B.C. Indo-Europeans Government type: Monarchies The first organized Greek State Loose alliances between monarchies kept reasonable peace. • Warrior people first and foremost • Sailors and trade = cultural diffusion. Battle of Troy • • • • Homer’s writings of Troy Mycenaean leader was Agamemnon Sacked the city of Troy in 1250 B.C. How much of the story was fact and how much fiction? Fall of Mycenaean • City-States began fighting amongst themselves weakening all. • Earthquakes also caused major damage • 1200 B.C. new groups of Greek speaking people flow in from the North • Collapse occurs around 1100 B.C. • • • • • No government Big cities deserted Writing is lost 1100BC-900BC 900BC-800BC – Iron and Phoenician alphabet. Homer Homer • The Illiad and the Odyssey were the first Epic Poems. • Epic poems are long poems that tell the deeds of great heroes. • Both are hundreds of pages long • Battle of Troy was a major influence Don’t Write!! Troy • Paris prince of Troy steals Helen wife of the king of Sparta • Spartan kings brother, Agamemnon, gathers all of Greece to attack Troy. • After 10 years of siege upon Troy they devise the Trojan Horse plan. • Greek Hero Achilles is the major player in the Iliad and supposedly played a part in the taking of Troy. Don’t Write!! Odyssey • Recounts the journeys of Odysseus after the fall of Troy. • Odysseus was attempting to return home to his wife when he gets pulled in to one problematic situation after another. Don’t Write!!: True History? • • • • • • Homer created history for the Greeks. Many Greeks looked upon these two works as fact. This gave the Greeks an ideal past with grand heroes. These became the basis for Greek education. Values Homer taught were courage and honor. A hero strives for excellence which Greeks call Arete. Arete is won in a struggle or a contest. • A heroes protects those he cares for a gains his reputation through his deeds. • One major point is that the Iliad taught Greek soldiers going to war to be proud of their Greek heritage. Greek city-state • By 750 B.C. the city-state, or Polis as the Greeks called them, were the focal points of Greek life. • An Acropolis—fortified area of a city usually on a hill. • Agora—open area below the Acropolis. This served as the market area. Citizens • What makes a citizen? • Citizens with political rights were adult, land owning, males • No political rights were given to women or children. • No political rights were given to noncitizens such as slaves, laborers, or resident aliens. • Rights = Responsibilities Citizens • Aristotle • “We must rather regard every citizen as belonging to the state.” • Fierce loyalty to ones city-state brought good and bad events. • Division among city-states led to the eventual ruin of Greece. Military • New military system involved soldiers called Hoplites. Heavily armed foot soldiers who carried a round shield, a short sword, and a 9ft spear. • Hoplites fought as units called phalanx. • Shoulder to shoulder/shield to shield to create wall of defense. government • Monarchy—a government in which a hereditary ruler exercises central power. • Aristocracy—Rule by a hereditary landholding elite. • Oligarchy—Power is in the hands of a small group of wealthy people. • Tyrants—people who seized power by force from the aristocrats. Sparta • City-State ruled by 2 kings, a council, and an assembly of all land owning males. • Enslaved their neighbors. • Helots—Spartan slaves forced to work the land. • Males age 7-20 military training. 20+ joins the military. • Greater female freedoms as males were locked in with the military. • Simple meals for soldiers = A piece of pork boiled in animal blood, salt, and vinegar. Athens • 700BC aristocracy ruled • Move to democracy as commoners show anger. • Democracy—government by the people. • Council of 500 is created 507BC – 500 citizens chosen by lottery. – Day to day duties. Gave law ideas to the assembly. • Cultural unity. • City states worshiped the same gods – Common festivals – Same heroes – same language Classical Greece • • • • • 500 B.C. to 338 B.C. Arguably the high point of culture in Greece. War with the Persians Athenian Empire Plagued by the Peloponnesian war. The challenge of Persia • Greek expansion led to run ins with the Persians. • By the Classical age the Ionian states had been taken by Persia. • Attempted rebellion aided by Athenian navy. • Darius wants revenge. Orders a slave to tell him as he serves every meal, “Sire, remember the Athenians.” Battle at Marathon • 490 B.C. • Darius makes his move. Persians land at Marathon. • Athenian hoplites make the difference. • Athens defeats the Persian force. • Phiedippides — messenger who ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens to report Victory • Dropped dead after the message. Rise of Xerxes • • • • • Persians forced to retreat. Darius begins to build a massive army King Darius died in 486 B.C. Xerxes the son of Darius takes the throne. Continued military build up and planned revenge for his father’s defeat. Stone relief of Xerxes Persian Invasion • Persians numbered around 180,000 soldiers and thousands of warships. • United Greece • Xerxes moved north around the Aegean Sea. His ships followed suite along the coast. Defeat of the Persians • Athenians abandon Athens. • Greeks form the largest Greek army to that point. 479 B.C. • Battle of Plataea • Major defeat of Persian army. Athens new power • Direct democracy-- Every citizen participates in the government decision making by voting on all major issues. • Pericles sets up government. • Big assembly meets every 10 days. • Delian League—alliance between Greek city states. • Women had no rights. • Ostracism—protects against ambitious politicians. Members of the assembly could write the name of a member they considered harmful. A person named by at least 6000 people was banned from the city for 10 years. Sparta vs Athens • If you were an adult male aged 30 which society would you rather live in? • If you were a woman aged 30? Peloponnesian War • • • • Split within Greece after the Persian war Sparta and its allies VS. the Athenian empire 2 opposite societies War breaks out in 431 B.C. • Sparta attacks and wins. Gets help from Persia. • Athens has a plague that kills many, including their leader Pericles Culture and Religion • • • • • City states need the favor of the gods. Gods on mount Olympus. Major buildings were religious. Festivals for each god. Athletics at festivals. Drama • First Greek dramas were tragedies. • Presented in a set of 3 built around a common theme. • Sophocles—a famous Athenian playwright. Wrote “Oedipus Rex.” • Euripides—Athenian dramatist who made controversial plays. Spoke out against war and the treatment of women and children. Classical Greek Arts and Literature • What types of art are popular in today's society? Art can include any form of artistic media. • What Greek influences are still seen today? Don’t Write: Olympics • • • • • First Olympics were held in 776 B.C. Held every 4 years between rival city-states Temporary peace Generally lasted about 5 days Opening ceremonies with sacrifices for the gods. Day 2 • Chariot races • Pentathlon—discus throw, javelin throw, jumping, running, and wrestling. Day 3 • Day of prayers to the god of the games. In the case of the game sat Olympus that god was Zeus. • Great feasts • Sacrifices before the 40 ft. statue of Zeus. Day 4 • More wrestling and running. • Boxing matches and the Pankration. Day 5 • Massive celebration • People begin their journeys home • Victorious participants will get a heroes welcome in their homelands. • The home city of a winner was honored for having an winning Olympian among them. The Will of the Gods • Man has always wanted to know what the god it worshiped was wanting. • For the Greeks the place to find out was at the Oracle at Delphi. • Oracle—a sacred shrine where a god or goddess revealed the future through a priest or priestess. • Delphi—A city on the side of Mount Parnassus overlooking the Gulf of Corinth. Olympian Gods • • • • • • • • • Zeus—King of gods Hera—Wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage Poseidon—God of sea, earthquakes, and horses Hestia—Goddess of home and family Hades—God of the underworld Athena—Goddess of wisdom and crafts Aphrodite—Goddess of love and beauty Ares—God of war Apollo—God of music and the arts Greek Philosophy • Pythagoras—Creator of the Pythagorean theory. Believed the essence of the universe could be found in music and numbers. • Sophists—group of traveling teachers. Disagreed with Pythagoras's view of the universe. Important for individuals to improve themselves – Rhetoric—the art of persuasive speaking in debates and swaying audiences. Socrates • Socrates—a sculptor who also studied philosophy. Disagreed with the sophists. • He left no writings. • All real knowledge is already present within a person. • Socratic Method—uses a question and answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves using their own reason. • Socrates is executed. Plato • • • • • Student of Socrates He wrote “The Republic” How do we know what is real? A higher world of perfect beings Only philosophers can become aware of these beings. • What we see are shadows of these ideal beings. • He distrusted democracy Aristotle • • • • Student of Plato Studied all forms of government. Democracy is mob rule. Three best: monarchy, Aristocracy, and constitutional government. • Favored a single strong virtuous ruler. • Wrote down everything. Empire of Alexander the Great • Phillip II—King of Macedonia and Alexander’s father. • By 338 BC he takes all of Greece. • His dream is to take Persia. • He was assassinated at his daughters wedding. • Alexander takes the throne at 20 years old. Macedonian Phalanx • Takes Egypt and builds Alexandria. • Turns to Babylon but Darius III is murdered before Alexander arrives. • Heads towards India. • Geography/weather forces them to go back. • At Babylon he falls ill and dies at 32 years old. Legacy: Hellenistic Era • • • • Spread of Greek culture. Locals assimilated Greek culture. Women gain more rights. Alexandria becomes a cultural center. Library of Alexandria Science • Aristarchus was an astronomer who stated that the sun was the center of the universe instead of the earth. Heliocentric. • Eratosthenes (276-194 B.C.) was an astronomer who was the first person to determine that the earth was round. – He was the first person to use the term “Geography.” – Invented a system of latitude and longitude – First to calculate the tilt of the earths axis. Science/Philosophy • Archimedes – Worked on the geometry of spheres and cylinders. – Established the value of pi – Discovered specific gravity by observing the water he displaced in his bath. (“Eureka!” I have found it) This was used to determine the volume of objects. – Archimedes Screw, The Claw of Archimedes, The Archimedes Heat Ray. Archimedes screw and method for determining volume The Claw and the Heat Ray new system of thought • Stoicism. – Zeno was the teacher who came up with stoicism. • He was a Syrian who came to Athens as a merchant but lost his possessions on the voyage over. • He was convinced by a philosopher that material possessions didn’t matter and were not needed to become happy. Stoics thought happiness could only be found by living in harmony with the will of God. Then they could handle whatever life offered them. The Stoic was considered a good citizen.