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Fundamentals of CGI Using Perl Lesson 1: Application Development Fundamentals Objectives Explain the application development process Distinguish among various application development environments Identify common application development platforms Clarify various communication protocols Determine when to use client-side or server-side scripting The Application Development Process Define a need for a solution Analyze the requirements Create an implementation plan and perform top-level design Perform in-depth design Create the application Test the system Deploy the system Maintain the system Platforms, Languages and Protocols Development platforms Server-side development technologies Client-side development technologies Communication protocols Client-Side vs. Server-Side Scripting Performance issues Security risks Hypertext Transfer Protocol Passing information with HTTP HTTP methods Summary Explain the application development process Distinguish among various application development environments Identify common application development platforms Clarify various communication protocols Determine when to use client-side or server-side scripting Lesson 2: Introduction to CGI and Perl Objectives Explain how the Common Gateway Interface works Describe the GET and POST methods Describe the benefits of CGI Describe the benefits of choosing Perl as your CGI scripting language Web Architecture Overview Browser, server and script interaction Common Gateway Interface What Is CGI? Common - Supported on almost every platform Gateway - Gate or conduit that connects clients and servers or server programs Interface - The manner in which the gateway is used Why Use CGI? Two-directional communication Storage of user-entered data Portability of code Browser independence What Is Perl? Practical Extraction Report Language Why Use Perl? Free license Smooth installation Pre-existing programs Text and file processing capabilities Strong points from other languages Summary Explain how the Common Gateway Interface works Describe the GET and POST methods Describe the benefits of CGI Describe the benefits of choosing Perl as your CGI scripting language Lesson 3: Creating a Simple Script Objectives Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of client-side and server-side scripts Use scalar variables Print HTML to the browser using the print statement Key Concepts and Syntax Client-side versus server-side scripting Scalar variables in Perl Built-in functions Single and double quotation marks Using variables in strings User-defined functions Key Concepts and Syntax (cont’d) Printing HTML from a Perl script Including HTML after the _END_ keyword Printing HTML using print <<ANYWORD Printing HTML from a file Summary Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of client-side and server-side scripts Use scalar variables Print HTML to the browser using the print statement Lesson 4: Perl Fundamentals Objectives Use CGI.pm to examine environment variables Use Perl arrays and associative arrays Define list and scalar context Use pattern matching operators Write if statements Create loops Accessing Environment Variables Environment variables are stored in an associative array Using CGI.pm to Access Environment Variables Simpler CGI.pm syntax Environment access methods The if Statement Used exactly as it is used in JavaScript Can also be used in a unique way at the end of any statement Logical Expressions Numeric and string operators Pattern Matching Pattern matching operator Perl Arrays Holds a list of scalars (numbers of strings) List context versus scalar context - Initializing scalar variables from an array Passing Values to Functions Values that are passed to functions are held in arrays Associative Arrays Converting associative arrays to arrays Using join with arrays and associative arrays Using split with arrays Loops The while loop The next and last statements The for loop The foreach loop The sort function Summary Use CGI.pm to examine environment variables Use Perl arrays and associative arrays Define list and scalar context Use pattern matching operators Write if statements Create loops Lesson 5: Perl File Input and Output Capabilities Objectives Open and close files from within scripts Read and write to sequential files Read and write to random-access files Define file modes Use the diamond operator in scalar and list contexts Use file tests in conditional statements File IO Using File Handles The unless statement The die statement and the | | operator The && operator File Modes Reading a file Writing to a file Appending to a file Reading and writing to a random-access file Using Files in Scripts Writing to a file Reading from a file using the diamond operator <> Reading from a file using the read function Reading and writing to a random-access file The seek function Creating a Hit Counter Every time a page is called, a counter reads and increments the number in the file, and stores it back to the file Summary Open and close files from within scripts Read and write to sequential files Read and write to random-access files Define file modes Use the diamond operator in scalar and list contexts Use file tests in conditional statements Lesson 6: Controlling Processing and Output Objectives Use the HTML form generation methods of CGI.pm to create HTML pages Use the param method to retrieve form values Create a dual-mode form that accepts and generates data depending on how it is accessed Validate form data and print a missing fields page Test Perl scripts in offline mode Incorporating HTML into Perl Using CGI.pm Methods of CGI.pm include: - start_html - end_html - startform A,B,C - endform - submit A - textfield A,B,C,D - button A,B - hidden A,B - header A Using CGI.pm to Access Form Data The POST method Using CGI.pm for GET or POST Processing User-Entered Data Using the ReadParse method Using One File to Create and Process an HTML Form Perl scripts can operate in two modes - Called from a hyperlink - Called from a form submission Summary Use the HTML form generation methods of CGI.pm to create HTML pages Use the param method to retrieve form values Create a dual-mode form that accepts and generates data depending on how it is accessed Validate form data and print a missing fields page Test Perl scripts in offline mode Lesson 7: Saving User-Supplied Data to a File Objectives Use the named parameters syntax for CGI.pm methods Save data to a file in a tab-delimited format Save data to a file using the save method of the CGI.pm module Delete and append name-value pairs Use the substitution pattern-matching operator Use the &_ variable to simplify scripts Saving Form Data to a File To save form data: - Access the field data using the param method - Write (print) the field data to an open file Modifying Form Data Named parameters syntax Methods of CGI.pm with named parameters The delete method The append method Pattern Matching Revisited Pattern-matching operator revisited Substitution operator Summary Use the named parameters syntax for CGI.pm methods Save data to a file in a tab-delimited format Save data to a file using the save method of the CGI.pm module Delete and append name-value pairs Use the substitution pattern-matching operator Use the &_ variable to simplify scripts Lesson 8: Reading a File Objectives Use regular expressions to match patterns Substitute characters from a string using regular expressions Pattern Matching with Regular Expressions Special characters Quantifiers Memory Substitution Contains four parts - The character s - The pattern match - The replaced characters - The character g Summary Use regular expressions to match patterns Substitute characters from a string using regular expressions Lesson 9: Introduction to Databases Objectives Explain the need for databases Use the DBI interface to access a database using any DBD driver Describe a four-step process for writing database programs Use the connect method to access a database Objectives (cont’d) Write simple and complex SQL statements Use the q{} and qq{} quoting operators to write simple SQL statements Query the table names and table field names of a database Combine the CGI and DBI Perl modules to create a Perl script that accesses and formats data for presentation in the browser Introduction to Database Programming Benefits of database interaction Database Interface (DBI) module Database Driver (DBD) module Four Steps to Interacting with Databases Connect to the database Query the database Display the results Close the connection Connecting to Databases The connect method SQL SELECT statement Quoting Revisited q{} qw{} qq{} Querying Table and Field Names If the query selects all the fields of a table, you can retrieve a list of all the field names Summary Explain the need for databases Use the DBI interface to access a database using any DBD driver Describe a four-step process for writing database programs Use the connect method to access a database Summary (cont’d) Write simple and complex SQL statements Use the q{} and qq{} quoting operators to write simple SQL statements Query the table names and table field names of a database Combine the CGI and DBI Perl modules to create a Perl script that accesses and formats data for presentation in the browser Lesson 10: Deleting and Inserting Database Records Objectives Use the do method to quickly execute SQL statements Use the DELETE command to delete records from a database Use the INSERT command to insert records in a database Use the UPDATE command to modify records in a database Modifying Data in a Database DELETE command INSERT command UPDATE command The do Method Duplicates the function of the prepare and execute methods Summary Use the do method to quickly execute SQL statements Use the DELETE command to delete records from a database Use the INSERT command to insert records in a database Use the UPDATE command to modify records in a database Lesson 11: CGI Security Issues Objectives Describe how hackers gather information about your system Prevent unauthorized reading of CGI scripts or data saved by CGI scripts Use CGI wrappers to separate multiple users on the same server Discuss security issues introduced by Web server extensions Use four techniques to prevent shell expansion of data passed to launched programs Type of Attacks Hackers can gather information about your system by: - Exploiting bugs in server application software - Accessing demo CGI scripts - Reading contents of poorly configured CGI scripts - Readings contents of data saved improperly - Passing data to your CGI scripts to launch unexpected commands Securing the CGI Script Reading CGI scripts Writing CGI script data Web server user ID CGI wrappers Securing the Server FrontPage Extensions ColdFusion Active Server Pages Web server and operating system bugs Securing Form Data Data as a file name Maintaining state with hidden fields Maintaining state with cookies Cookies versus hidden fields Securing Data Passed to Commands The eval method The exec method The system method Summary Describe how hackers gather information about your system Prevent unauthorized reading of CGI scripts or data saved by CGI scripts Use CGI wrappers to separate multiple users on the same server Discuss security issues introduced by Web server extensions Use four techniques to prevent shell expansion of data passed to launched programs Fundamentals of CGI Using Perl Application Development Fundamentals Introduction to CGI and Perl Creating a Simple Script Perl Fundamentals Perl File Input and Output Capabilities Controlling Processing and Output Saving User-Supplied Data to a File Fundamentals of CGI Using Perl Reading a File Introduction to Databases Deleting and Inserting Database Records CGI Security Issues