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Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Myriapoda Classes Diplopoda & Chilopoda Subpylum Hexapoda Class Insecta Subphylum Myriapoda • • • • 1 pr antennae 1pr mandibles 2 or 1 pr maxillae uniramous appendages SP Myriapoda, Class Chilopoda Centipedes • Scutigera coleoptrata Cheliped Examples Scolopendra castaneiceps http://gprime.net/video.php/bateatingcentipede SP Myriapoda, Class Diplopoda Millipedes • 4 thoracic segments – each has 1 pr legs • 25-100 abdominal segments – each has 2 pr legs • Larval stages have 1pr legs/segment Diplopod Examples SP Hexapoda, Class Insecta • 4 pr feeding appendages (mouthparts) • 6 pr walking legs • 2 pr flight appendages – 2pr wings – 1pr wings + 1pr halteres – 1pr elytra + 1pr wings • No appendages on abdomen • Tagmata: – Head – 5-7 segments – Thorax – 3 segments – Abdomen – 8-11 segments Class Insecta Tagmata Segmentation Insect Anatomy Head Appendages compound eye antenna ocelli mandible maxillary palp labrum maxilla labium labial palp Famous Mouth Parts Insect Respiratory System Excretory System – Malpighian Tubules • Insects excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid (urate) • Solid uric acid is formed in the rectum by the removal of H2O Holometabolous Insects Tobacco horn worm Larva of sphinx moth Holometabolous Development Lepidopteran Lifecycle 1-4 instars Holometabolous Development • Dipteran larvae Bot Fly Lifecycles Coleopteran – Grub Larvae Boll Weevil Beneficial Coleopterans Aphid parasites 1st instar 3rd instar Adult pupa Ladybird Beetle Life Stages Hemimetabolous Development hemipteran Larvae odonatan orthopteran Beneficial Insects • Ichneumon wasps lay eggs in body of beetle & lepidopteran larvae – many of which are plant pests • The wasp larvae feed on the host, killing it in the process Insect Behavior • Hymenopterans & Isopterans often show complex social behavior – – – – Termite colonies Ant colonies Bee hives Hornets & wasps • All have unique genetic/environmental sex determination mechanisms Social Insects Arthropod Evolution MUTATIONS IN REGULATORY GENES CAN GIVE THE PROTEINS NEW PROPERTIES: UBX ACQUIRES THE ABILITY to REPRESS DISTAL-LESS in the INSECT CLADE R. Galant and S. B. Carroll, 2002. Nature 415:910. Ronschaugen, M. et al. 2002. Nature 415: 914. . Arthropod Evolution Mutation of the ultrabithorax gene Arthropod & Chordate EvoDevo Arthropod Evolution • Paleozoic insect fossils – show ties to crustacean morphology Wing primordia arose from thoracic gills 3 pr of Biramous appendages Present Mayfly Nymph
