Download Cells Ch 5

CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
• The Cell Theory:
– The Cell is the Simplest Unit of Life
– All Organisms Are Made of One or More Cells
– All Cells Come From Pre-Existing Cells
• The Basic Features of All Cells
–
–
–
–
Barrier: Plasma Membrane – Fluid Mosaic
Cytoplasm: Interior of the Cell
Energy Metabolism: – Energy & Nutrients from Outside
Hereditary Information: – DNA
• The Common Properties of All Cells
– Same Molecules
– Same Structures
– Energy Metabolism - Electron Transport System
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T5.1
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
– Cell Function Limits Cell Size
• Cell surface area to volume ratios
(p. 80)
• Relative sizes
(F5.1 p. 77)
• A comparison of microscope images
79) Microscopes yesterday and today
(FE5.2 p.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(FE5.1 p. 78)
Diameter
100 m
tallest trees
10 m
10 cm
visible with unaided
human eye
1m
adult human
chicken egg
1 cm
frog embryo
100 µm
10 µm
1 µm
10 nm
1 nm
visible with special
electron microscopes
100 nm
most eukaryotic cells
visible with conventional
electron microscope
visible with
llight microscope
1 mm
mitochondrion
most bacteria
virus
proteins
diameter of DNA double helix
atoms
0.1 nm
Units of measurement:
1 centimeter (cm) = 1/100 m
1 meter (m) = 39.37 inches 1 millimeter (mm) = 1/1000 m
1 micrometer (µm) = 1/1,000,000 m
1 nanometer (nm) = 1/1,000,000,000 m
Paramecium
cilia
cilia nucleus
mitochondrion
contractile
vacuole
Light microscope
50 micrometers
Transmission electron microscope
0.5 micrometers
mitochondria
Scanning electron microscope
10 micrometers
Scanning electron microscope
5 micrometers
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
cilia
mitochondrion
0.5
micrometers
Electron microscope
CELL STRUCTURE &
FUNCTION
• There Are Two Basic Types of Cells:
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
– A generalized prokaryotic cell (F5.2 p. 80)
– Cell Structures, Their Functions, and Their
Distribution in Living Cells (T5.2 p. 81)
– A generalized animal cell F5.3(p. 82)
– A generalized plant cell (F5.4 p. 83)
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
chromosome
(nucleoid region)
pili
ribosomes
food granule
prokaryotic
flagellum
capsule or
slime layer
cell wall
plasmid (DNA)
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
flagellum
nuclear pore
chromatin (DNA)
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
nucleus
centriole
intermediate
filaments
rough endoplasmic cytoplasm
reticulum
ribosome
plasma
membrane
lysosome
Golgi complex
microtubules
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
free ribosome
mitochondrion vesicle
vesicle
Microtubules (part of cytoskeleton)
plastid mitochondrion
chloroplast
central vacuole
Golgi complex
smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
vesicle
plasmodesma
cell wall
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
plasma
membrane
nucleus
nucleolus
nuclear pore
chromatin
nuclear envelope
intermediate
filaments
ribosomes free ribosome
CELL STRUCTURE &
FUNCTION?
• Major Features of Prokaryotic Cells
– Small
– Specialized Surface Features
– Few Specialized Cytoplasmic Structures
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CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
• Major Features of Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells Contain Organelles
– Nucleus:
Control Center
(F5.5 p. 84)
– Nuclear Envelope: Selective Exchange of
Materials
– Chromatin:
DNA - Codes for the Synthesis of
Proteins - Chromosomes (F5.6 p. 84)
– The Nucleolus: Site of Ribosome Assembly
• Ribosomes
• Endoplasmic reticulum
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(F5.7 p. 85)
(F5.8 p. 85)
nuclear envelope
nucleolus
nuclear pores
chromatin
nucleus
nuclear
pores
chromatin
chromosome
ribosomes
rough endoplasmic
reticulum
0.5 micrometer
vesicles
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
0.5 micrometer
vesicles
from ER
Golgi
complex
vesicles
leaving
Golgi
complex
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
– The Travels of a Secreted Protein
– Lysosomes Serve as the Cell’s Digestive
System
• The flow of membrane within the cell (F5.10 p.
87)
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phagocytosis
plasma membrane
exocytosis
lysosome
fused with
food vacuole
food
vacuole
Golgi complex
smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
nuclear envelope
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
– Membrane Synthesized in the Endoplasmic
Reticulum Flows Through the Membrane
System of the Cell
• Vacuoles Serve Many Functions,
Including Water Regulation, Support,
and Storage
– Freshwater Microorganisms Have
Contractile Vacuoles
• Contractile vacuoles (F5.11 p. 88)
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contractile
vacuole
collecting
ducts
central
reservoir
pore
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
– Plant Cells Have Central Vacuoles
• The central vacuole and turgor pressure in
plant cells (F5.12 p. 89)
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cytoplasm
central
vacuole
cell wall plasma membrane
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Mitochondria
(F5.13 p. 90)
Chloroplasts
(F5.14 p. 91)
Use Energy Stored in
Capture Solar Energy
Food Molecules
Sites of
Produce ATP
Photosynthesis
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outer
membrane
inner
membrane
intermembrane
compartment
matrix
cristae
0.2 micrometer
outer membrane
inner membrane
stroma
thylakoid
channel
interconnecting
thylakoids
granum
(stack of thylakoids)
1 micrometer
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
plastid
starch
globules
0.5 micrometer
Plants Use
Plastids
for Storage
(F5.15 p. 92)
CELL
STRUCTURE
& FUNCTION
plasma
membrane
microfilaments
mitochondrion
intermediate
filaments
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
The
Cytoskeleton:
Provides Shape,
Support, &
Movement
microtubule
vesicle
(F5.16 p. 92)
microtubules (red)
nucleus
microfilaments (blue)
microtubules (red)
nucleus
microfilaments (blue)
central unfused
pair of
microtubules
Protein "arms"
CELL
STRUCTURE
&
FUNCTION Paramecium
x-section of cilium
(9+2 arrangement)
0.1 micrometer
fused pair of
microtubules
cilium
plasma membrane
basal body
x-section of basal body
(9+0 arrangement)
Cilia and Flagella:
Move the Cell Through Fluid
or
Move Fluid Past the Cell
Cilia & flagella
Structure
(F5.17 p. 93)
0.1 micrometer
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Cilium
Propulsion of fluid
power stroke
Flagellum
cilia lining
trachea
return stroke
plasma membrane
direction of locomotion
propulsion of fluid
flagellum of
human sperm
continuous propulsion
Cilia and Flagella:
Move the Cell Through Fluid or Move Fluid Past the Cell
How cilia and flagella move
(F5.18 p. 94)