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The Inner life of the cell
I. Cell Structure + Function
Ch. 3 pg. 47
A. Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of cells
2. All cells come from pre-existing cells
This leukemia cell is tearing itself apart
by a process called apoptosis.
E. coli bacteria in
the large intestine
Red blood
cells
What Are the Basic Features
of Cells?

The Plasma Membrane Encloses the Cell
and Mediates Interactions Between the Cell
and Its Environment

All Cells Use DNA as a Hereditary Blueprint
and Contain Cytoplasm

All Cells Obtain Energy and Nutrients from
Their Environment

Cell Function Limits Cell Size
Diameter
100 m
tallest trees
1m
10 cm
1 cm
visible with unaided
human eye
10 m
adult human
chicken egg
frog embryo
100 µm
10 µm
100 nm
10 nm
1 nm
0.1 nm
visible with special
electron microscopes
1 µm
most eukaryotic cells
visible with conventional
electron microscope
visible with
llight microscope
1 mm
mitochondrion
most bacteria
virus
proteins
diameter of DNA double helix
atoms
Units of measurement:1 centimeter (cm) = 1/1001mmicrometer (µm) = 1/1,000,000 m
1 meter (m) = 39.37 inches
1 millimeter (mm) = 1/1000
m
1 nanometer
(nm) = 1/1,000,000,000 m
10 µm
1 µm
10 nm
1 nm
0.1 nm
visible with special
electron microscopes
100 nm
most eukaryotic cells
visible with conventional
electron microscope
visible with
llight microscope
100 µm
mitochondrion
most bacteria
virus
proteins
diameter of DNA double helix
atoms
Units of measurement:
1 centimeter (cm) = 1/100 m1 micrometer (µm) = 1/1,000,000 m
1 meter (m) = 39.37 inches
1 millimeter (mm) = 1/1000 1mnanometer (nm) = 1/1,000,000,000 m
What Are the Basic Features
of Cells?



There Are Two Basic Types of Cells:
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic cells – represented by the
Domains Archaea (archaebacteria) and
Bacteria
Eukaryotic cells – represented by the
Domain Eukarya (algae, protozoans,
fungi, plants and animals)
A generalized
prokaryotic
cell
ribosomes
food granule
chromosome
(nucleoid region)
pili
prokaryotic
flagellum
plasmid (DNA)cytoplasm
capsule or
slime layer
cell wall
plasma membran
A generalized
animal cell flagellum
nuclear pore
chromatin (DNA) nucleus
nucleolus
centriole
nuclear envelope
intermediate
filaments
rough endoplasmiccytoplasm
reticulum
ribosome
plasma
membrane
lysosome
microtubules
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
free ribosome
mitochondrionvesicle
Golgi complex
vesicle
Microtubules (part of
cytoskeleton)
chloroplast
plastid mitochondrion
central vacuole
Golgi complex
smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
vesicle
plasmodesma
cell wall
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
plasma
membrane
nucleolus
nuclear
pore
nucleus
chromatin
nuclear envelope
generalized
plant cell
intermediate
filaments
ribosomes free ribosome
What Are the Major Features
of Prokaryotic Cells?



Prokaryotic Cells Are Small
Prokaryotic Cells Have Fewer
Specialized Structures Within Their
Cytoplasm
Have no membrane-enclosed
organelles within their cytoplasm
DNA is located in the “nucleoid”
What Are the Major Features
of Eukaryotic Cells?



Eukaryotic Cells Contain Organelles
The Nucleus Is the Control Center of
the Eukaryotic Cell (Have the DNA)
Have membrane-enclosed organelles
within the cytoplasm
Functions of Cell Structures

Eukaryotic Cells Contain a Complex System of
Membranes

The Plasma Membrane Both Isolates the Cell
and Allows Selective Interactions Between
the Cell and Its Environment

The Endoplasmic Reticulum Forms
Membrane-Enclosed Channels Within the
Cytoplasm

The Golgi Complex Sorts, Chemically Alters,
and Packages Important Molecules
phagocytosis
The flow of food
vacuole
membrane
within the cell
plasma membrane
exocytosis
lysosome
fused with
food vacuole
Golgi complex
smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
nuclear envelope
B. Cell Organelles
1. Cell membrane
i) Based on “fluid mosaic model” (moves
around constantly)
a) Phosopholipid bilayer with protein
scattered throughout
ii) Selectively permeable
iii) Glycolipid and Glycoproteins on surface of
membrane identifies the cell to the immune system
i)
ii)
2. Mitochondria
“powerhouse” of the cell
Cristae
(inner membrane)
2 membranes
iii) Site of cellular respiration
Glucose + O2
ATP + CO2
Outer membrane
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
i) tubular canals for intracellular transport
ii) Smooth E.R – no ribosomes, lipid synthesis
iii) Rough E.R – contains ribosomes for protein synthesis
4. Ribosomes
Composed of 2 protein subunits and R-RNA

functions in protein systhesis
5. Golgi Apparatus
• Packaging and storage of secretory products
• Eg. Hormones, neurotransmitters
6. Lysosomes
water
to split
• Contains hydro/lytic enzymes for intracellular
digestion (found on head of sperm)
7. Nucleus
i)
Controls cell by controlling protein synthesis
ii)
Composed of a nuclear envelope surrounding
chromosomes (DNA) and nucleoli
iii)
Nucleolus- contains chromatin (condensed
chromosomes) required to make R-RNA
Differences between plant and animal
cells

Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall

Plant cells have chloroplast

Plant cells have a large central vacuole

Plant cells contain plasmodesmata-openings in
the cell wall of adjacent cells

Animal cells have lysosomes

Animal cells have Centrioles