Download An Introductory Overview of Cells, Chemical Bonds & Energy Part-I

Lecture no.3
An Introductory Overview of
Cells, Chemical Bonds & Energy
Part-I
BCH 361/ Section: xxxxx
1
22/05/2017
Lecture no.3
What We Will Be Covering-I?
 What is a Cell?
 The Two Types of Cells ?
 The Exception?
 The Organelles and Their Functions.
2
22/05/2017
What is a Cell?
Lecture no.3
Cell came from Latin word mean small
room.
A cell is the functional and structural unit of
all living organism.
 The Cell Theory --1839 by the German
botanist Matthias Jakob Schleiden and
German physiologist Theodore Schwann.
3
22/05/2017
Cell Theory
Lecture no.3
All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the smallest working units of all
living things.
All cells come from preexisting cells through
cell division.
4
22/05/2017
Lecture no.3
Plant Stem
Amoeba
Proteus
Examples of Cells
Bacteria
Nerve Cell
5
22/05/2017
Red Blood
Cell
Types of Cells
Lecture no.3
1. Prokaryotic
• Bacteria
• Archaea
2.
Eukaryotic
 Unicellular
• Protists
 Multi-cellular
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals
6
22/05/2017
Prokaryotic Cells
Lecture no.3
• Characteristics
 Unicellular (some multi-cellular).
 Lacks a membrane bound nucleus.
 Lacks membrane bound organelles.
 Has a cell membrane (cell wall).
 Has ribosomes (protein production).
 Circular DNA.
7
22/05/2017
Eukaryotes
Lecture no.3
• Characteristics
 Unicellular (Protists).
 Multicellular (fungi, plants, animals).
 Membrane bound Nucleus.
 Contains Organelles.
 Linear DNA.
8
Typical animal cell
Typical plant cell
22/05/2017
Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Lecture no.3
1. Somatic
 Greek for “body’’
 All cells in the body except the sex cells.
 Found in the bones, skin, organs, tissues, blood.
 Reproduce by Mitosis.
2. Germ
 The Sex Cells.
 Sperm and Ova.
 Reproduce by Meiosis.
9
22/05/2017
Lecture no.3
Is there any
exception ?
10
22/05/2017
The Exception: Viruses
Lecture no.3
• Characteristics





11
Latin for “poison”.
Does not meet all the criteria of “Life”
Not made up of cells.
Contains DNA or RNA, but not usually both.
Require a host to replicate.
22/05/2017
Lecture no.3
Cell Parts
Organelles
12
22/05/2017
I- Surrounding the Cell
- Cell Membrane
Outer membrane of cell that controls
movement in and out of the cell.
 Place of communication with the
environment and other cells.
 “Gate of the Cell”.
13
Lecture no.3
- Cell wall
Most commonly found in plant
cells & bacteria.
“Supports & protects cells”.
22/05/2017
II- Inside the Cell
- Nucleus
First described by Robert Brown in
1831.
Largest organelle.
 Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane.
 Contains genetic material – DNA.
 “Control Center”
14
Lecture no.3
- Nuclear membrane
 Double membrane bag that surrounds
nucleus.
 Contains nuclear pores which is place
of selective transport between
cytoplasm and inside of nucleus
(proteins, mRNA)
 “Gate of the Nucleus”
22/05/2017
Lecture no.3
Continue…
- Chromosomes
In nucleus.
 Present in the form of strings of
DNA and histones.
Contain instructions for traits &
characteristics .
 “Director of the Cell”
15
- Nucleolus
 Inside nucleus.
 The nucleolus plays an indirect role
in protein synthesis by producing
ribosomes.
 Nucleolus is not a structure!!! Just a
visible region.
22/05/2017
Continue…
Lecture no.3
- Cytoplasm
-Endoplasmic Reticulum
Gel-like material.
The portion of the cell enclosed by the cell
membrane but not part of any organelle
It stores the organelles, water, and the
chemicals in it.
 “Area of Movement”.
The transportation center for the cell.
Smooth and rough types.
SER Site of fatty acid and
phospholipid synthesis, While RER
place of proteins synthesis
16
22/05/2017
Lecture no.3
Continue…
- Ribosomes
Found in the cytoplasm and on the ER.
Their job is to make proteins.
The nucleus makes the ribosomes.
17
- Mitochondria
Place of oxidative metabolism and
ATP production.
Contains its own DNA and
ribosomes.
 “Powerhouse of the Cell”
22/05/2017
Lecture no.3
Continue…
- Golgi Bodies
Package and to move protein to the
out side of the cell.
They also process proteins from
ribosomes that are located on the ER.
18
- Lysosome
Digest the wastes and other bad
organelles.
Acidic organelles - low pH due to proton
pump (pH=5) in the membrane.
Contain many degradative enzymes
such as acid hydrolases.
22/05/2017
Tay-Sachs disease :
is a genetic defect in one
of specific lysosomal
hydrolases
19
22/05/2017
Lecture no.3
Continue…
- Vacuoles
The vacuole in the plant cell is larger
than the vacuole in the animal cell.
Membrane-bound sacs for storage,
digestion, and waste removal.
 “Storage Tanks” .
20
- Chloroplast
Contains green chlorophyll.
 Where photosynthesis takes place.
 “Food Producers” .
22/05/2017
Summary
21
Lecture no.3
22/05/2017
Lecture no.3
See you later to
continue with the
second part of this
module?
22
22/05/2017