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DNA • DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid • It is a nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of organisms to the next Deoxyribose – a type of sugar Nucleic Acid – a macromolecule that contains –H, O, N, C, P Nitrogenous Bases • • • • Adenine Cytocine Guanine Thymine Nucleotides • Nucleotides are joined together to form long chains Where is DNA? DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. Looks like a twisted ladder called a double helix The double helix shape was discovered in the early 1950’s Important Researchers • Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins • James Watson and Francis Crick • Erwin Chargaff The double helix shape was discovered in the early 1950’s Rosalind Franklin took the first picture in 1952 She used x-rays and it gave clues about the shape Watson and Crick are credited with the DNA discovery They used the photo to make the first model of DNA DNA is a very long molecule made of nucleotides: (3 parts) 1. 5-Carbon sugar 2. Phosphate group 3. Nitrogen-containing base 4 Nitrogen-containing bases Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Always paired together Always paired together Structure of the DNA Molecule This is deoxyribose This is phosphate Nitrogen-containing bases Green can only go with Red Purple can only go with Yellow Terminology of DNA DNA – a large molecule that stores and transmits genetic info. Terminology of DNA DNA – a large molecule that stores and transmits genetic info. Chromatin – uncoiled form of DNA (cell is in interphase) Terminology of DNA DNA – a large molecule that stores and transmits genetic info. Chromatin – uncoiled form of DNA (cell is in interphase) Chromosome – coiled DNA with proteins that form during cell division to transmit genetic info Terminology of DNA Gene – A section of a chromosome that is a code to make a protein or define the action of a protein. DNA Numbers 46 – The number of chromosomes in the human cell DNA Numbers 46 – The number of chromosomes in the human cell ≈300 – 3000 – The number of genes on a single chromosome DNA Numbers 46 – The number of chromosomes in the human cell ≈300 – 3000 – The number of genes on a single chromosome 50,000 – 100,000 total genes DNA Numbers 46 – The number of chromosomes in the human cell ≈300 – 3000 – The number of genes on a single chromosome 50,000 – 100,000 total genes 3,000,000,000 – Number of base pairs in the whole human genome Structure of a Chromosome Nucleus Cell Structure of a Chromosome Nucleus Cell (During metaphase) Structure of a Chromosome Nucleus Cell Structure of a Chromosome Nucleus Cell Base Pairs A, G, C, T Structure of a Chromosome Nucleus Cell Base Pairs A, G, C, T Double Helix Structure of a Chromosome Nucleus Cell Base Pairs A, G, C, T Double Helix Histone – A Protein DNA wraps around Structure of a Chromosome Nucleus Cell Nucleosome DNA wrapped around the histone Base Pairs A, G, C, T Double Helix Histone – A Protein DNA wraps around Structure of a Chromosome Nucleus Cell Nucleosome Coils DNA wrapped around the histone Base Pairs A, G, C, T Double Helix Histone – A Protein DNA wraps around Structure of a Chromosome Nucleus Cell Nucleosome DNA wrapped around the histone Base Pairs A, G, C, T Double Helix Coils Supercoils Histone – A Protein DNA wraps around Structure of a Chromosome Chromosome Nucleus Cell Nucleosome DNA wrapped around the histone Base Pairs A, G, C, T Double Helix Coils Supercoils Histone – A Protein DNA wraps around Structure of a Chromosome Chromosome Nucleus Centromere Cell Nucleosome DNA wrapped around the histone Base Pairs A, G, C, T Double Helix Coils Supercoils Histone – A Protein DNA wraps around Base Pairing • Adenine pairs with Thymine • Cytosine pairs with Guanine Replication of DNA • DNA consists of complimentary strands • Before a cell can divide it must replicate it’s DNA Replication is a three step process • Enzymes “unzip” the two strands • Complementary bases are inserted • Bases are “proofread” Click on the box for the movie Questions for the Margins of your Cornell Notes • What does DNA stand for? • What does DNA do? • What is DNA composed of? • What are nucleotides • Who did important research on DNA? • What is base pairing? • Which bases pair with each other? • How does DNA copy itself?
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