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Cells
Early Microscopes
• Robert Hooke
– Looked at cork
– Started calling the basic building block of life
“cell”s
• Anton vanLeeuwenhoek
– Looked at living things under a microscope
The Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in living things.
• New cells are produced from existing cells.
Important Cell Terms
• Nucleus: Membrane-bound organelle that
holds the genetic material in eukaryotes
• Organelle: “tiny organs”
– Specialized structures inside cells
• Cytoplasm: fluid-like substance inside all cells
Cell Types
• Prokaryotes
• Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
• Small (0.1 μm – 10 μm)
• Genetic material is not in a nucleus
– DNA is in the cytoplasm
• Unicellular organisms (live alone)
• Example: bacteria
Eukaryotes
• Larger than prokaryotes
• Have nucleus and organelles
• Can live alone (unicellular) or with other cells
(multicellular)
• Two types: Plant and Animal
Plant/Animal Cell
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
Organelle Name
Function
Animal Cell
Animal Cell
Organelle Name
A
Centriole
B
Microtubules
C
Lysosome
D
Mitochondria
E
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (Rough ER)
F
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (Smooth
ER)
G
Ribosome
H
Flagella
I
Golgi Apparatus
J
Nucleolus
K
Nuclear Envelope
L
Cytoplasm
M
Cell Membrane
Function
Organelles
• Centriole
– Near nucleus
– Help with cell
division
Cell Parts
• Intermediate Filaments
• Microtubules
– Cell shape
– Cell organization
• Microfilaments
Organelles
• Lysosome
– Small, filled with
enzymes
– Break down, or
digest, lipids,
carbohydrates and
proteins
– Get rid of old cell
parts
Organelles
• Mitochondria
– “power house” of the
cell
– convert food into
useable energy
Organelles
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
– Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Synthesis of proteins (ribosomes
on the surface)
– Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
• Make enzymes that perform
special tasks (like making lipids
and detoxification of drugs)
Organelles
• Ribsomes
– Cellular “factory”
– makes proteins
Organelles
• Flagella
– Tail-like structure used for movement
• Cilia
Organelles
• Golgi apparatus
– Modify, sort and
package proteins and
other material from
the ER
Organelles
• Nucleus
– 3 parts:
• Nucleolus
– Makes ribosomes
• Nuclear Envelope
– Membrane around
the nucleus,
contains nuclear
pores
Cell Parts
• Cytoplasm
– Fluid-like substance
between the nuclear
envelope (which
surrounds the
nucleus) and the cell
membrane
– Organelles are found
floating in the
cytoplasm
Cell Parts
• Cell membrane
– In all cells
– Barrier between outside
of cell and inside of cell
– Regulates what enters
and leaves
Plant Cell
Plant Cell
Organelle Name
A
Cell Membrane
B
Cytoplasm
C
Nuclear Envelope
D
Nucleolus
E
Golgi Apparatus
F
Vacuole
G
Ribosome
H
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (Smooth ER)
I
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (Rough ER)
J
Mitochondria
K
Chloroplast
L
Microtubules
M
Cell Wall
Function
Cell Parts
• Cell wall
– ONLY in PLANT cells
– Outside of cell
membrane
– Thick, rigid barrier to
protect cells
Organelles
• Chloroplasts
– Capture sunlight
to make energy
for the cell
– ONLY in PLANT
cells
Organelles
• Vacuole
– Storage of water,
salts, carbohydrates
and proteins
– Large in plant cells
– Found in some
prokaryotes and
animal cells