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Cell Structure and Function 1. The Cell Theory A. All organisms composed of one or more cells B. Cell is smallest living organizational unit C. Cells arise only from division of other cells ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Attributes of cells A. Plasma membrane B. DNA C. Cytoplasm D. Obtain energy and nutrients from their environment ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Cell Size 1–100µ Cell Size A. Limitations of molecular diffusion 1. Faster passage through small cell 2. More efficient communication B. Limitations of surface-to-volume ratio 1. With increase in size, greater increase in volume than surface area a. Interaction with outside occurs only at surface b. Insufficient exchange of materials at plasma membrane for survival ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ tallest trees adult human chicken egg frog embryo most eukaryotic cells mitochondrion most bacteria virus proteins diameter of DNA double helix atoms ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Prokaryotic—no nucleus, circular DNA, ribosomes, peptiglycon-prokayotic cell wall a. Carbohydrate matrix cross linked with peptide units Eukaryotic—larger, nucleus, linear chromosomes, membraned organelles, Compartmentalization Include true bacteria On earth 3.8 million years Found nearly everywhere Spores in each breath; intestines Naturally in soil, air, hot springs Cell types ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ nucleoid (DNA) ribosomes food granule prokaryotic flagellum plasma membrane cytoplasm cell wall ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Eukaryotic Cells Have numerous internal structures Various types & forms Plants, animals, fungi, protists Multicellular organisms Nucleus is control center of the cell 1. Membrane bound (nuclear envelope) 2. Contains nucleoli; synthesizes ribosomal RNA 3. DNA in chromosomes (DNA and proteins) ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ 1. Plant cells a. Squaregeometric shaped b. Cell wallcellulose c. Chloroplast d. No centrioles e. Large vacuoles ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ microtubules (part of cytoskeleton) mitochondrion chloroplast Golgi complex central vacuole smooth endoplasmic reticulum vesicle cell wall rough endoplasmic reticulum plasma membrane nucleolus nucleus nuclear pore chromatin nuclear envelope intermediate filaments ribosomes free ribosome ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Animal Cells a. Irregular shaped b. Just Cell membrane c. Small vacuoles d. Centrioles nuclear pore chromatin (DNA) nucleus nucleolus nuclear envelope flagellum rough endoplasmic reticulum cytoplasm intermediate filaments plasma membrane ribosome lysosome microtubules smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex free ribosome vesicle mitochondrion vesicle nuclear envelope nucleolus nuclear pores chromatin nucleus nuclear pores chromatin chromosome 0.05 micrometers Eukaryotic cell structure • Organelles • Endoplasmic reticulum consists of folded membranes attached to the nucleus • Rough ER is site of protein synthesis and protein secretion. Proteins made here are processed and shipped out of the cell ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Eukaryotic Cell Structure Ribosomes assemble amino acid into polypeptide chains a. Associated with the ER b. Composed of RNA and proteins Proteins for inside the cell ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ribosomes rough endoplasmic reticulum 0.5 micrometers vesicles smooth endoplasmic reticulum 0.5 micrometers Eukaryotic Cell Structure • • • • Golgi apparatus are membranous sacs associated with ER Processing and transport of proteins, lipids exported from the cell Synthesis and transport of polysaccharides Lysosomes are Golgi-derived vesicles containing digestive enzymes ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ vesicles from ER vesicles leaving Golgi complex Golgi complex Energy sources for cell activities Mitochondria provide energy for cellular functions (respiration) a. Matrix/cristae b. Have their own DNA and ribosomes; self- replicate C. Bounded by double membrane-numerous a. Outer membrane is smooth b. Inner membrane is folded into contiguous layers called cristae 1.Cristae are stuffed with 100,000 enzymes 2.Site of cellular respiration-Oxidation 3.Divides into inner matrix and outer compartment 4.Associated with proteins of oxidative metabolism ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ 5 micrometers Energy sources for cell activities Chloroplasts—function in photosynthesis 1) Green—contain chlorophyll pigment 2) Stroma/grana (thylakoid stacks) 3) Have their own DNA and ribosomes; self-replicate 4) Up to 100 per cell 5) Become leucoplasts when deprived of light a. Specialized amyloplasts store starch b. Plastids are derived from proplastids ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton Internal infrastructure a. Actin filaments-microfiliments a. Muscle movement b. Pinches cell when it divides during cytokinesis b. Microtubules 1. Hollow tubes of 13 protein protofilaments-made of tubulin 2. Function a. b. c. d. Help move materials within the cell itself Skeletal System Aides in cell Division-spindle Cilia, Flagella, sperm tails c. Intermediate filaments Surface structures extensions of the plasma membrane aid in movement of simple organisms ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ actin subunits subunit tubulin subunit ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes Similarities & differences Both surrounded by plasma membrane, but very different Prokaryotes – Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Eukaryotes – everything else ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Evolution of Eukaryotic cell Endosymbiotic Hypothesis Similarities between bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts Self-reproducing by binary fission Size of organism and genome Single circular naked DNA Proportion of (G & C) to (A & T) Same sized ribosome Protein synthesis inhibited by antibiotics Enzymes for synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein Electron transport system ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Plant & Animal Cells Similarities Both constructed from eukaryotic cells __________________________________________ ______________________________________ Both contain similar organelles __________________________________________ ________________________________________ Both surrounded by cell membrane __________________________________________ _______________________________________ Plant & Animal Cells Differences Plants have Cell wall – provides strength & rigidity Have chloroplasts, photosynthetic Animals have Other organelle not found in plants (lysosomes formed from Golgi) Centrioles, important in cell division ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Brief Look at Viruses Viruses are acellular Not considered to be living Cause serious diseases in most organisms ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________
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