Download Chap 07 Cells

Interest Grabber
Section 7-1
Are All Cells Alike?
All living things are made up of cells. Some organisms are composed of only
one cell. Other organisms are made up of many cells.
1. What are the advantages of a one-celled organism?
2. What are the advantages of an organism that is made up of many cells?
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Section:
Section Outline
Section 7-1
7–1
Life Is Cellular
A. The Discovery of the Cell
1. Early Microscopes
2. The Cell Theory
B. Exploring the Cell
C. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
1. Prokaryotes
2. Eukaryotes
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Section:
Cell Theory
1.All living things are composed of cells.
2.Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things. (Schleiden and
Schwann)
3.New cells are produced from existing
cells. (Virchow)
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Section:
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Section 7-1
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
Organelles
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Single circular chromosome
Multiple linear chromosomes
Small ribosomes
Large ribosomes
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Interest Grabber
Section 7-2
Division of Labor
A cell is made up of many parts with different functions that work together.
Similarly, the parts of a computer work together to carry out different
functions.
Working with a partner, answer the following questions.
1. What are some of the different parts of a computer? What are the
functions of these computer parts?
2. How do the functions of these computer parts correspond to the
functions of certain cell parts?
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Section:
Leuwoenhoek – First simple
microscope
Robt. Hooke- First to coin
the word “cell.”
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Section:
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Section:
Section Outline
Section 7-2
7–2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
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Comparing the Cell to a Factory
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
1. Mitochondria
2. Chloroplasts
3. Organelle DNA
Cytoskeleton
Cell Structure Active Art
Figure 7-12 The Structure of the
Cell Membrane
Section 7-3
Outside
of cell
Cell Membrane controls what
goes in and out of the cell
Proteins
Carbohydrate
chains
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
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Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer Bilayer
Phospholipid
Nucleus
Control center of
the cell – stores
genetic information
on chromosomes
Nucleolus
Has information to
make ribosomes
Cell Alive Link
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Ribosomes
synthesize proteins
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
serves as highways to
help transport things
throughout the cell.
The ER is where lipids are
made. The Rough ER makes
proteins. Proteins and other
molecules are exported in
transport vesicles.
ER important in homeostasis
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Section:
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Section:
The Golgi apparatus
receives transport
vesicles from the ER.
It modifies, sorts,
packages and sends
out material to other
destinations inside and
outside of the cell.
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Section:
1. Where do protein
products begin
their pathway
through the cell?
in the rough ER
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2. How does the Golgi
apparatus function
in this pathway?
It receives vesicles
from the ER and
repackages their
contents into other
vesicles, lysosomes,
or vacuoles.
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The formation and functions of lysosomes
Lysosomes
contain
enzymes
Recycles old parts
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Lysosomes contain enzymes made by the rough ER
and provide a space where the cell can digest
macromolecules
safely.
These
enzymes
can
also
be
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used Section:
to breakdown and recycle old organelles.
Vacuoles store
material such
as water, salts
proteins, and
carbohydrates
In plants the
pressure withi
the large
central vacuol
helps to
provide suppo
for the plant
cell. Turgor
Pressure.
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Excess water
pumped out
Animation
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Figure 7.14 The contractile vacuole of Paramecium:
an evolutionary adaptation for osmoregulation
Filling vacuole
50 µm
Contractile Vacuole Video
(a) A contractile vacuole fills with fluid that enters from a system of canals
radiating throughout the cytoplasm.
50 µm
Contracting vacuole
(b) When full, the vacuole and canals contract, expelling fluid from the cell.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the main energy
converters of the cell.
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Mitochondria
are responsible
for aerobic
respiration and
release the
energy stored in
food in the
form of ATP.
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Chloroplasts uses photosynthesis to
convert radiant energy from the sun into
chemical energy (sugar) the plant can use
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The main differences of plant cells:
1. Plants have a
single, large
central vacuole.
2. They have a cell
wall made of
cellulose – used
for support and
rigidity.
3. They have
chloroplasts
4. No centrioles.
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Section:
Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton
Section 7-2
The
cytoskeleton
composed of
microtubules
and
microfilaments
Cell membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Used to
maintain the
cell shape and
for movement
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
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Mitochondrion
Centrioles help to
organize the
chromosomes during
cell division.
Not found in plant
cells.
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Venn Diagrams
Section 7-2
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Animal Cells
Centrioles
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Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Large Central Vacuole
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Vacuole
Ribosome
(free)
Chloroplast
Ribosome
(attached)
Cell
Membrane
Nuclear
envelope
Cell wall
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plant Cell
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Section:
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome
(attached)
Nuclear
envelope
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
Animal Cell
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Section:
Ribosome
(free)
Cell
Membrane
Membrane proteins can
function as
channels,
Hydrophobic tail
markers,
receptors
Phospholipid
Bilayer
Hydrophobic portion
of protein stuck in
middle of membrane
Phospho-
Phospholipid
Bilayer
The Cytoskeleton made of protein filaments that help the cell to
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Section:
maintain
shape and will also help with cell movement.
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Do Lab simulation
• Go to this site:
• http://midpac.edu/~biology/Intro%20Biol
ogy/PH%20Biology%20Lab%20Simulati
ons/cells/intro.html
• Do the lab simulation on cell, all four
concepts on left blue panel- take self
quiz– screen shot the last page and
to Moodle.
Gosubmit
to
Section:
Interest Grabber
Section 7-3
In or Out?
How is a window screen similar to a cell membrane? Read on to find out.
1. What are some things that can pass through a window screen?
2. What are some things that cannot pass through a window screen? Why
is it important to keep these things from moving through the screen?
3. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, which regulates what enters
and leaves the cell. Why is it important to regulate what moves into and
out of a cell?
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Section:
Section Outline
Section 7-3
7–3
Cell Boundaries
A. Cell Membrane
B. Cell Walls
C. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
1. Measuring Concentration
2. Diffusion
D. Osmosis
1. How Osmosis Works
2. Osmotic Pressure
E. Facilitated Diffusion
F. Active Transport
1. Molecular Transport
2. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
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Diffusionthe random
movement of
molecules from
high concentration
to low
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Diffusion animation
Diffusion
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Would a higher temperature cause diffusion
to occur faster or slower?
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Hydrophillic
Head
Hydrophobic
Tail
Figure 7-12 The Structure of the
Cell Membrane
Section 7-3
Outside
of cell
Cell Membrane controls what
goes in and out of the cell
Proteins
Carbohydrate
chains
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
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Section:
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer Bilayer
Phospholipid
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Section:
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Figure 7-15 Osmosis
Section 7-3
Higher Osmotic
Pressure
Osmosis Animation
Osmosis
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Figure 7.13 The water balance of living cells
Hypotonic solution
(a) Animal cell. An
animal cell fares best
in an isotonic environment unless it has
special adaptations to
offset the osmotic
uptake or loss of
water.
H2O
Isotonic solution
(b) Plant cell. Plant cells
are turgid (firm) and
generally healthiest in
a hypotonic environment, where the
uptake of water is
eventually balanced
by the elastic wall
pushing back on the
cell.
Osmosis Animation
H2O
H2O
Normal
Lysed
Turgid (normal)
Turgid Leaf
H2O
Shriveled
H2O
H2O
H2O
Hypertonic solution
Flaccid
H2O
Plasmolyzed
Plasmolysis video
A salt solution is added to
the elodea cells- label as
many cell parts as you can,
including empty space
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
Why did the cell shrivel up?
What organelle disappeared?
Plasmolysis video
Turgid Leaf animation
Empty Space
Analyzing Data
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Section:
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Section:
Facilitated Diffusion
Section 7-3
Glucose
molecules
High
Concentration
Cell
Membrane
Low
Concentration
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Section:
Protein
channel
Passive Transport Animation
Passive Transport
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Section:
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Figure 7-19 Active Transport
Section 7-3
Molecule to
be carried
Energy
Active Transport Video
Molecule
being carried
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Section:
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Active transport
animation
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
–
+
Figure 7.18 An electrogenic pump
–
ATP
+
H+
H+
Proton pump
H+
–
H+
+
H+
–
+
CYTOPLASM
H+
–
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Section:
+
Figure 7.19 Cotransport: active transport driven by a concentration gradient
–
+
H+
ATP
–
H+
+
H+
Proton pump
H+
–
+
H+
–
+
H+ Diffusion
of H+
Sucrose-H+
cotransporter
H+
–
+
–
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Section:
+
Sucrose
Do Lab simulation
• Go to this site:
• http://midpac.edu/~biology/Intro%20Biol
ogy/PH%20Biology%20Lab%20Simulati
ons/biomembrane1/intro.html
• Do the lab simulation on Membrane
Structure and Transport, then take the
practice test – print out the test to turn
Goin.
to
Section:
Exploring Endocytosis in Animal Cells
In phagocytosis, a cell
engulfs a particle by
wrapping pseudopodia
around it and packaging
it within a membraneenclosed sac large
enough to be classified
as a vacuole. The
particle is digested after
the vacuole fuses with a
lysosome containing
hydrolytic enzymes.
PHAGOCYTOSIS
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
1 µm
CYTOPLASM
Pseudopodium
Pseudopodium
of amoeba
“Food” or
other particle
Bacterium
Food
vacuole
Food vacuole
An amoeba engulfing a bacterium via
phagocytosis (TEM).
In pinocytosis, the cell
“gulps” droplets of
extracellular fluid into tiny
vesicles. It is not the fluid
itself that is needed by the
cell, but the molecules
dissolved in the droplet.
Because any and all
included solutes are taken
into the cell, pinocytosis is
nonspecific in the substances
it transports.
PINOCYTOSIS
0.5 µm
Plasma
membrane
Pinocytosis vesicles
forming (arrows) in
a cell lining a small
blood vessel (TEM).
Vesicle
Video
video
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Section:
Interest Grabber
Section 7-4
From Simple to More Complex
Many multicellular organisms have structures called organs that have a
specific function and work with other organs. Working together, these
organs carry out the life processes of the entire organism.
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Section:
Interest Grabber continued
Section 7-4
1. Some activities cannot be performed by only one person, but need a
team of people. What type of activity requires a team of people to work
together in order to complete a task?
2. What do you think are some characteristics of a successful team?
3. How is a multicellular organism similar to a successful team?
Go to
Section:
Section Outline
Section 7-4
7–4
The Diversity of Cellular Life
A. Unicellular Organisms
B. Multicellular Organisms
1. Specialized Animal Cells
2. Specialized Plant Cells
C. Levels of Organization
1. Tissues
2. Organs
3. Organ Systems
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Section:
Unicellular Organisms
To maintain homeostasis, unicellular organisms grow, respond to the
environment, transform energy, and reproduce
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Section:
The Universal Tree of Life
• The tree of life
– Is divided into three great
clades called domains:
Bacteria, Archaea, and
Eukarya
• The early history of these
domains is not yet clear
Billion years ago
Bacteria
Eukarya Archaea
0
4
Symbiosis of
chloroplast
ancestor with
ancestor of green
plants
1
3
Symbiosis of
mitochondrial
ancestor with
ancestor of
eukaryotes
2
Possible fusion
of bacterium
and archaean,
yielding
ancestor of
eukaryotic cells
1
Last common
ancestor of all
living things
4
2
3
2
3
1
Origin of life
4
Figure 25.18
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Section:
Eubacterial
•Most numerous organisms on earth
•Earliest life forms (fossils date 3.5 billion years old)
•Microscopic prokaryotes (no nucleus nor membrane-bound
organelles)
•Have only one circular chromosome
•Have small rings of DNA called plasmids
•Most are unicellular
•Found in most habitats
•Main decomposers of dead
organisms so recycle nutrients
•Some cause disease
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Section:
Domain Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Found in extreme
environments (undersea
volcanic vents, acidic hot
springs, salty water)
•Has different RNA polymerase
and ribosomes (rRNA)
– similar to eukaryotic cells
•Gave rise to eukaryotic cells
•Used to be lumped with
eubacteria to form the Kingdom
Monera
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Section:
The protists of Kindom Protista are the
simplest eukaryotes, yet they represent
the most diverse group. Most are
unicellular, some are colonial, and other
are simple multicellular organisms
closely related to single protist cells. One
group of protists, the algae, are
autotrophic photosynthesizers, while the
rest eat bacterial or other protistan cells,
or small organic particles suspended or
dissolved in water.
As with all eukaryotic cells, protists
contain membrane-bound nuclei and
endomembrane systems, as well as
numerous organelles
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Section:
amoeba
Cells of multicellular organisms
become specialized and
communicate with one another to
maintain homeostasis.
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Section:
Levels of Organization
Section 7-4
Muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Stomach
Digestive system
organ
Organ system
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Section:
Life can be organized into a
hierarchy of structural levels.
At each successive level
additional emergent properties
appear.
Fig. 2.1
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Videos
Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
Diffusion
Osmosis
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Video 1
Diffusion
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 2
Osmosis
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 3
Passive Transport
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 4
Active Transport
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 5
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Click the image to play the video segment.
Go Online
The latest discoveries in cell study
Cell structure activity
Career links on histotechnologists
Interactive test
Articles on cells
For links on cell theory, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the
Web Code as follows: cbn-3071.
For links on cell membranes, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the
Web Code as follows: cbn-3073.
Interest Grabber Answers
1. What are the advantages of a one-celled organism?
A one-celled organism has simpler needs and can respond immediately to
its environment because its entire cell is immersed in its environment.
2. What are the advantages of an organism that is made up of many cells?
In a multicellular organism, different jobs are divided among different
groups of cells that work together. Also, a multicellular organism can
continue to survive even if it loses some of its cells.
Interest Grabber Answers
Working with a partner, answer the following questions.
1. What are some of the different parts of a computer? What are the functions
of these computer parts?
Answers may include: monitor (interfaces with the computer’s
environment), software (instructions for how to carry out different jobs),
CPU (directs the computer's activities), recycle bin or trash can (storage
area for wastes), and so on.
2. How do the functions of these computer parts correspond to the functions
of certain cell parts?
Students should try to link the functions they described in question 1 to the
functions of the different cell structures. The cell needs a way to interface
with its environment (cell membrane), instructions for carrying out different
jobs (DNA), and a CPU to direct the cell’s activities (nucleus).
Interest Grabber Answers
1. What are some things that can pass through a window screen?
Answers may include air, fine dust, and rainwater.
2. What are some things that cannot pass through a window screen? Why is
it important to keep these things from moving through the screen?
Insects, leaves, and other matter that may fall from trees. The screen
keeps out annoying insects and objects that may bring dirt into the home.
3. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, which regulates what enters
and leaves the cell. Why is it important to regulate what moves into and out
of a cell?
Materials such as oxygen and food that are needed by the cell have to be
able to get inside the cell. At the same time, excess materials have to leave
the cell.
Interest Grabber Answers
1. Some activities cannot be performed by only one person, but need a team
of people. What type of activity requires a team of people to work together
in order to complete a task?
Answers might include building a human pyramid or constructing an arch
out of blocks.
2. What do you think are some characteristics of a successful team?
Divide up jobs and cooperate well with one another.
3. How is a multicellular organism similar to a successful team?
The functions of the organism are divided up among its parts (organs and
organ systems). All the parts cooperate to carry out all the functions of the
whole organism.
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