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PROTOPLASM
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Building material
Suspension
substance that
makes up the
physical basis of all
living things
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Carries on the process
of
Metabolism
• Synthesizes protein
• Produce energy
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Reception of food and
oxygen
Processes food and
oxygen
Eliminates waste
products
MACROMOLECULES/organic
compounds
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Proteins
lipids
carbohydrates
nucleic acids
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These are organic
materials that are
life supporting and
are in the cells of
the human body
PROTEIN
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15%
building block (amino
acids)
Order of these blocks
determine the
function of the protein
molecule which in turn
gives the cell its
characteristic
builds new tissue
repairs
Source of heat and
energy
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makes up antibodies
hormones
ENZYME CONTROL
 controls speed of
chemical reaction
(release energy from
fat)
LIPIDS
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2%
non water soluble
stores energy
component of cell
membrane
protects against
cold/heat
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Assists in digestive
process
component of
hormones
CARBS
1%
 cell energy
 releases large amounts of energy
when bonds are broken thru
metabolism
 Three classifications of carbs
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• monosaccharides-glucose
• disaccharides- sucrose
• polysaccharids- starch
NUCLEIC ACIDS
1% of the cell
 Blueprint
 DNA-nuclear
command/control/reproduction info
 RNA- in nucleus and cytoplasm
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• messengers or transfer agents
CHROMOSOMES
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Composed of____________
Humans have a total of _________chromosomes
or ________pairs
DNA is divided into segments called________
The total amount of genetic material contained in
a human chromosome is called the _______
__________
The process of gene identification is called______
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A karyotype is a gene map
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INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
WATER
80%
 delivers energy to target molecule
 contributes to radiation effects
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Chemical component of cell
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Protoplasm
Organic compound
Inorganic
compound
Suspended in
water
water is 70-80% of
protoplasm
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Water
transports
substances
temp. buffer
WATER
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70%-85% in cell
holds and transports
temp. buffer
most chemical activity
occur in water in cell
Osmosis
osmotic
pressure=potassium
and sodium and water
H2O and Inorganic compound
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Osmosis-moving
substances(water)
inside and outside
of cell
too little sodium
inside or too much
potassium outside
cell will collapsehypertonic
H2O and Inorganic compound
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too much sodium
inside or too little
potassium outside
cell will swellhypotonic
CELL STRUCTURE
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Cytoplasm
nucleus
organelles
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Both filled with
protoplasm
Cell Structures
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cell membrane
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Mitochondria
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skin
Synthesize the
proteins
interconnecting
tubules (nucleus
and cytoplasm
source of energy
CYTOPLASM
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Golgi apparatus
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Liposomes
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Collects molecules
produced in one
part of cellmodifies and
distributes to other
parts of cell.
Recycles
proteins,carbs,
lipids from old
organelles
NUCLEUS OF CELL
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Brain
nuclear envelope
(membrane)
chromosomes
genes
nucleolus
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Genetic/metabolic
info
separates from
cytoplasm
protein and DNA
Large amount of
RNA held here
Anatomy of a Cell
CELLS SPECIALIZE IN
ACTIVITIES
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Tissue
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Organs
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System
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Group of cellssame activity
group of tissuesspecific functions
group of organs
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Organism
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Human body
CELL PROLIFERATION
Somatic
Non-reproductive
 mitosis
 interphase
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• period of growth between division
• G1-where cell grows
• S phase- DNA replicated;# of
chromosomes doubled
• G2-organelles reproduced;chromatids
reproduce
Prophase
 Metaphase: in terms of radiographic
exposure-most sensitive stage. Also
where the radiation damage can be
assessed
 Anaphase
 Telophase
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Germ - meiosis
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Process of reduction meiosis as germ cells
begin with 46 chromosomes from the
male (sperm) and female (ova) but must
be reduced in half Malignant-abnormal
division
More chromatin (contains genetic
material)
Increased rate of nuclear material to
cytoplasm
GERM CELLS
Reproductive
 meiosis
 2 divisions
 -2 cells with diploid somatic #
 -divide again with haploid #
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