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Functions Genome Entire set of DNA in each cell of an org Normally one circular chromosome in prokaryotes Binary Fission Single chromosome replicates One pulls away Membrane & wall separate cell Human Genome 6,000,000,000 base pairs long Somatic cells’ DNA is split into 46 chromosomes 23 are maternal 23 are paternal Diploid (2n) Gametes have ½ the DNA which is split into 23 chroms Haploid (n) Human Genome (♀) (♂) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 X Y Human Chromosome A length of DNA Each has a homologous chromosome CENTROMERES ♀ ♂ Homologous Pair Human Chromosome A length of DNA Each has a homologous chromosome 1000’s of genes 1,000,000’s of base pairs Combined with proteins AT CG CG GC AT TA TA TA CG GC GC CG TA ♀ ♂ Homologous Pair Chromosome Replication Each chromosome replicates to form identical chromatids Attached by centromeres Cell Cycle Splitting of the rest of the cell Identical distribution of replicated DNA into nuclei of 2 daughter cells Late Interphase Centrosomes replicate Prophase Chromosomes supercoil Nucleoli disappear Spindle forms Spindle Elongation Prometaphase Nuc envelope breaks down mtubules from opposite poles attach to kinetochores Metaphase Spindle fibers force chroms to metaphase plate Anaphase Chromatids migrate toward opposite poles Nonkinetochore elongate cell mtubules Anaphase Chromatid may “walk” along mtubule toward pole Telophase Cell continues elongation Nuclear envelopes reform DNA uncoils Cytokinesis (animal) Microfilaments constrict cell to form cleavage furrow Membrane pinches off Cytokinesis (Plant) Cellulose vesicles gather in the middle of the cell forming the cell plate Mitotic Review