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Mesopotamia “The Land between Two Rivers” Tigris and Euphrates Rivers River Civilization With your elbow partner discuss: Why would people group up and settle near rivers? What challenges might they face? ________________ _____________ ________________ _____________ ________________ _____________ cultural diffusion process of a new idea or a product spreading from one culture to another culture as trade began to develop from one city-state to another city-state vs. empire City-state and all its surrounding lands that function as an independent political unit ---City-states evolved into empires Empire- controlled by a single ruler aka a monarchy Mesopotamia “land between two rivers” - the Tigris and Euphrates Fertile Crescent - area of rich soil in the Middle East where the agricultural revolution took place Tigris and Euphrates had unpredictable flooding With a partner list some positives and negatives to living in the Fertile Crescent. Positives Negatives Good soil for farming Unpredictable flooding Which leads to… which leads to… More food, better crop failures, drowning, health, longer life invasions, overly populated expectance Near the river Contributions of Mesopotamian Cultures Major Groups in Mesopotamia Sumerians Hebrews Babylonians Phoenicians Chaldeans Assyrians Persians Sumerians Technology arch, wheel, plow, & sail astronomy & fortune telling number system - 6’s & 12’s Ziggurat – Temple “Mountain of God” Cuneiform – Form of writing using stylus and wet clay tablet FUN FACT Sumerian cylinder seal is a small round cylinder, typically about one inch in length, engraved with written characters or figurative scenes or both, used in ancient times to roll an impression onto a twodimensional surface, generally wet clay. they were used as commercial receipts--could identify ownership of the object or to notarize or attest to multiple impressions of clay documents Babylonians Hammurabi’s Law Code – 1st written code of laws imperial government One of the 7 wonders of the world: Babylon's hanging gardens Iron, Hittites chariots, hunters. Phoenicians alphabet & writing with phonetic symbols commerce & shipbuilding, sailing, trade (trade =$$) dyes and other products – Murex (sea snail) Phoenicians In early civilization, explain how creating a universal phonetic symbols or the alphabet was a helpful tool? Explain how being an experienced sailor was beneficial in a rising economy for the Phoenicians? Hebrews (Israelites, Jews) Monotheism – One God Torah-Holy Book-Old Testament concept Judaism of human dignity warfare: Assyrians weapons, armor, cavalry, tactics, catapult and other siege tools postal service some roads built city of Nineveh improved writing Assyrian Treasures The Bronze Age time when people used bronze (mix tin and copper) rather than stone, bone, or copper begins in 2500 BCE in Mesopotamia polytheism monotheism a a belief in many gods belief in one god (originated with the Hebrews – Judaism) EARLY LAW CODES What laws would you establish if you were the king of one of the early civilizations? HAMMURABI’S CODE OF LAWS first set of written/codified laws (282) – In cuneiform deal with what Mesopotamians value: family relations, crime, and property issues follow “eye for an eye” philosophy Emphasizes government responsibility for society This document made the laws more consistent and predictable. LAW OF MOSES Includes Ten Commandments LAW OF MOSES cont. Transcribed by Moses on Mt. Sinai Sometimes resembles “eye for an eye” strict justice softened by expressions of God’s mercy Goal: moral life in accordance with God’s laws Think - Pair - Share What modern legal ideas can be traced to ancient civilizations? Do you think that religious philosophies were integrated into ancient political systems? Exit Ticket: In a well developed paragraph, summarize how having laws would create a safer community to live in during the early civilizations? Be sure to use at least TWO examples from today’s lesson (turn in on notebook paper)
