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AP World History: Period 1 -Jennifer Morris-Andrea Maxwell-Keith Jackson-Asif Islam- 6000 BCE – Small scale irrigation (canals and reservoirs) began in Mesopotamia - allowed for the production of crops and first domestication of crops/animals; allowed world’s first cities to be built 4000 BCE – Human numbers increase and world’s first cities (Ur, Nippur, Kish etc.) were created - caused need for government and allowed people to specialize labor (textiles, metallurgy, etc.) 4000 BCE – Invention of bronze in Mesopotamia - tin was rare in Mesopotamia, which gives evidence of trade network between Mesopotamians and other societies; allowed societies to branch off from wood/bone/stone tools 3500 BCE – Invention of wheel by the Sumerians, who by 3000 BCE used wheeled carts to transport goods internally or externally through their trade routes; also invention of watercraft, allowing for oceanic commerce 3500 BCE – Invention of writing by Sumerians - helps show value of written records (tax and transactions) within Sumerian cities; was a cumbersome written language and difficult to write and read 3000 BCE – Phoenicians migrate to Mediterranean Sea (part of the Semitic groups) - set up complex port society and invented 22-letter alphabet in 1500 BCE 3000 BCE – 1000 BCE – Indo-Europeans migrate from their homeland - come from steppe region of Russia; moved across Eurasia with horses and other technology, including the Hittites who moved to Anatolia in 1900 BCE 2900 BCE – Use of cuneiform writing in Sumerian societies - improvement from earlier writing system by Sumerians; allowed for complex written records on tablets; lets historians understand Mesopotamian society 2500 BCE – All Sumerian states have monarchy and city-states began to dominate public life in Sumerian Mesopotamia - kings have controlled power over subjects; shows complex governmental processes evolving 2150 BCE – Sargon’s empire falls, and Babylonian empire comes to power under King Hammurabi - shows first major conquest where new king brings in new laws; helps predict how societies today would react 2000 BCE – Invention of war chariot by Hittites - shows use of two technological advances (bronze and wheels) into new military technology; influences first major wars between two civilizations 1595 BCE – Babylonian empire falls to invasion from Hittites of Anatolia using military technology - shows power of innovations in wars 1500 BCE – Married women start to wear veils - patriarchal societies encouraged women to where veils to discourage temptation from others than their husbands; shows beginning of women’s rights disagreement in modern Mesopotamia Timeline continued 1300 BCE – Iron metallurgy allows for greater advantage in war - shows productivity of new innovations in military technology 1200 BCE – Hittite empire collapse - leads to 200 year period of city-state war; shows effect of not having central government in Mesopotamia 1000 BCE – Assyrian empire takes power - uses Hittites’ weapons against them; shows power of military technology being adapted to suit different people’s needs 722 BCE – Assyrian forces take control of northern kingdom of Palestine and force everyone out – sets up distinction between Israelites and Jews; shows why conflict is still major part of life today 612 BCE – Assyrian empire falls due to civil unrest and external assaults - shows how an empire can collapse upon itself; highlights that tension can bring a civilization down from inside as well as outside Timeline continued 600 BCE – 550 BCE – Babylonian empire once again takes hold over Mesopotamia - sets up rich capital city; shows how power that someone formally held does not mean they will rule the same once they gain power again 331 BCE – Alexander controls Mesopotamia (Greek empire extended domain) - led to Greek alphabet use in 300 BCE; highlights issue of outside control 133 BCE – Roman Empire extends into western Anatolia - shows beginning of long conquest into Mesopotamia, which Roman Empire controlled by 117 CE by foreign invaders once again 4 BCE -30 CE – Jesus lives to teach Christianity - this shows life of founder of Christianity; important in being able to understand Christianity more thoroughly 570 CE – 632 CE – Life of Muhammad - shows life of founder of Islam; important in being able to under Islam more thoroughly (Place) Mesopotamia “Land Between the (Euphrates and Tigris) Rivers”: One of first civilizations; began using small-scale irrigation in 6000 BCE; lead to high food supply and population growth (Place) Sumer: First major city in Mesopotamia; home to Sumerians; located in southern Mesopotamia (People) Sumerians: Large-scale irrigation led to agricultural harvest in 5000 BCE (People) Semitic Migrants: Group of nomadic herders that moved to Sumer and spoke Semitic languages (Events) World’s First Cities: Built by Sumerians and were very influential over large regions around 4000 BCE (Events) Kings Come to Power: Sumerian cities have leaders in 3000 BCE (People) Sargon of Akkad: Created powerful Babylonian empire in Mesopotamia around 2370 BCE and it fell in 2150 BCE (People) Hammurabi: Conqueror of Babylonian empire; new approach was to focus on politics and government (taxation); created system of laws called Hammurabi’s Code in 2500 BCE (Event) Assyrian Empire: 1300 BCE to 612 BCE; controlled Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and Anatolia (Event) New Babylonian Empire: 600 to 500 BCE; King Nebuchadnezzar brought wealth and resources (Event) Invention of Metallurgy: Mesopotamians created this method of metal working to create tools and weapons in 4000 BCE (Bronze) and iron in 1000 BCE (Event) Social Stratification: Agriculture led to wealth and social divisions (Event) Patriarchal Society: Men continued to control the civilizations and limit power of women (Event) Writing: Created by Sumerians in 4000 BCE; tracked taxes (People) Indo-Europeans: Came to steppe region of Ukraine and southern Russia with their languages, weapons, tools, and warfare technology (horse drawn war chariots, etc) and domesticated horses (People) Hittites: Influential Indo-Europeans who moved to Anatolia and created kingdom in Mesopotamia (Event) Hittites Invent War Chariots: After domesticating horses, and the creation of the wheel, this warfare technological method was made Time Political Economic Religious/Social Intellectual/Art/Technology 8000 BCE 1792-1750 BCE - prominent conqueror was the Babylonian Hammurabi. The king was in charge. The power was based on King’s territories. King provides groups with power. They didn’t have much contact with other societies. The government structure is that the King was on the top, he put his cities and regions under his own governors and administrators, which helped them to developed a more efficient and predictable government. 4500 BCE-Tigris and Euphrates Rivers were the first farmlands in the Fertile Crescent. Many Mesopotamians depended on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Many farmers used two rivers as transportation to trade with merchants from other societies. Most economic growth was based on agriculture. 3500-1800 BCE – Life was unpredictable, so the Sumerians wanted to discover what the gods held in store for them. Like many human cultures, they were struck by the wondrous reliability of the movement of the heavens and thought that this movement might contain some secret to the intents of the gods. Their religious standpoint was from Polytheistic (many gods/goddesses to represent different aspects) to Monotheistic (which would be 1800 BCEJudaism, 30 CE- Christianity and last 622 CE- Islam). 7500 BCE- The Sumerian system "sexagesimal", combined a mundane 10 with a "celestial" 6, to obtain the base figure 60. This system is more like our present one. It enabled them to divide into fractions and multiply into the million, to calculate roots or raise numbers several powers. 600 CE 4000 BCE- Wool production was converted to an assortment of textile fabrics. 2800 BCE- They invented bronze tools which helped them to cut wheat and barley. (also weapons) 1750 BCE- Slavery was an established organization in all major civilizations emerging in Mesopotamia. Social stratification was already present, with rulers and elites at the top, nobles, merchants/artisan, and lastly peasants and slaves. 3700 BCE- Some technologies that they had were the wheel, writing, math systems, and some huts which were made of bundles of reeds. 2400 BCE- Sumerian people have the smooth precision and idealized features of the classical period in Sumerian art. Their art was ornate and complex. 1900 BCE- Akkadian are group of people that had the chance to learn. Usually people learn by speaking and writing their own language. Time Political Economic Religious/Social Intellectual/Art/Technology 8000 BCE 2370-2315 BCE - The creator of empire in Mesopotamia was Sargon of Akkad, a city near Kish and Babylon. Sargon is a talented administrator and also a brilliant warrior. He began his career as a minister to the king Kush. He was the first ruler to maintain a standing army. The power was based on Sargon. He conquered cities one by one, and place them under his own governors and administrators. He also seized control of trade routes and supplies of natural resources like silver and tin. 6000 BCE - People in ancient Mesopotamia earned their food by farming. Economy was based on wheat and grains. The economy grew stronger because of irrigation. Irrigation led to an increased food supply. Irrigation helped them get a surplus, or extra, supply of food. They used tools made of flint to cut wheat. They threw seeds into the ground to grow fruit and vegetables. Farmers led farm animals used to trample seeds into soil. Farmers use Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to trade. 3000-2000 BCE - Mesopotamia was civilized by the Sumerians who had religious beliefs of many gods. They had priests who were their ruler, and had temples to worship their godsurates. There were no real established religions when Mesopotamia was founded. The people of Mesopotamia were polytheistic and they believed that every piece of their world was controlled by supernatural forces. They thought that gods dominated religion in ancient Mesopotamia and many gods maintained their substance throughout history. 1500 BCE - Assyrians artistic style was distinct from the Babylonian art which were the principal art in Mesopotamia. Assyrian arts were the polychrome carved stone relief that decorated imperial monuments. 600 CE 3000 BCE - Food Supply helped people to give up farming and live in the city. 311 BCE - Their communication was revolutionized with speech. 750 BCE - Assyrians used two languages throughout their history: Akkadian, and neo-syriac. Assyrian monks develop a writing systems for Mongolians using the Assyrian alphabet. Their language was written with the cuneiform writing system. They took their common language and their arts from Sumeria. Assyria’s capital city had the world’s largest libraries. 600 BCE - Most powerful and useful thing that Assyrians used was the wheeled war chariot. It also helped them for quicker transportation. Assyrian people were the first ancient civilization to notice the efficiency of iron over bronze. The Assyrians were the first to use iron in spears, swords, shields and armor. Assyrians = group of people who built powerful SW Asian society in 8th and 7th centuries BCE (good army and state structure) Catal Huyuk = Very important Neolithic settlement in Anatolia City = densely populated urban center Civilization = society with advanced social development Cuneiform = language written by Sumerians; possible first written script Deity = supernatural being that is worshipped by an individual or group and has higher powers and influence Fertile Crescent = area of land from Nile River to Tigris and Euphrates River where agriculture and civilizations boomed because of soil fertility Gilgamesh = king of Mesopotamian city-state Uruk; Epic of Gilgamesh Hammurabi’s Code = laws created by Babylonian king Hammurabi (1792-1750 BCE) Intermittent = characterized by starting and stopping at irregular intervals of time Lex talonis (law of retaliation) = part of Hammurabi’s code where offenders suffer from punishments similar to offense Metallurgy = technology of working with metals Monotheism = belief in one god; very uncommon in ancient history Neolithic = New Stone Age; period when agriculture was first developed Nomadic Herder = person who has no permanent home and tracks/hunts animals for food Paleolithic = Old Stone Age; period of development before agriculture Patriarchal = society where men have more power than women; lead government, have education, control Pictographs = ideogram or symbol that conveys an idea or resemblance of the item is is meant to represent Scribes = people in ancient times whose jobs were to record certain things, like laws, beliefs, etc. Semitic = people who spoke Semitic languages and interacted with Mesopotamian societies Silk Roads = trade routes from China to Roman Empire Specialized labor = important element of civilization where people are designated with specific jobs, like artisan, cultivator, herder, scribe, etc. Temple community = areas where priests and priestesses lived; small markets, mini cities Ziggurats = Mesopotamian temples The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Mythology Mesopotamian clay tablet (Traditions and Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past) The Epic of Gilgamesh Description of ancient texts in SW Asian (Traditions and Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past) Photograph of ziggurat remnants (The British Museum) "About WordNet - WordNet - About WordNet." About WordNet - WordNet - About WordNet. http://wordnet.princeton.edu (accessed August 29, 2010). Anonymous. The Epic of Gilgamesh (Penguin Classics). London: Penguin Classics, 2003. Bentley, Jerry, and Herbert Ziegler. "Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations." In Traditions and Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past. New York, New York: McGraw Hill, 2006. 31-55. Cotterell, Arthur, and Tonny Rizzo. Ultimate Encyclopedia of Mythology. Pennsylvania: Jg Press, 2008. The British Museum. "Ziggurats." Mesopotamia - The British Museum. http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/ziggurats/home_set.html (accessed August 29, 2010).