Download Early River Valley Civilizations0809sep

Civilization
Civilization
• What is Civilization
– Advanced Cities
– Specialized Workers
• Food surplus provided the opportunity for specialization
• As cities grew the need for specialized workers grew.
• Traders, priests, government officials
– Complex Institutions (well organized central
governments
• Government, religions, and economy
• Soaring population made government necessary
• Education system
Civilization
• Writing (Record Keeping)
– As government, religion and economy grew so did the
need for record keeping.
– Writing system is development
– Pictogram: simple drawings that represents symbols,
then sounds
• Advance Technology
–
–
–
–
New tools
Farmers stated to use animals and nature
Melting copper and tin together made bronze
Public Works: building irrigations systems, roads,
bridges and defensive walls
Civilization
• Social Classes;
– Ranked according to their jobs
– Priests, wealthy merchants, artisans,
peasants, then slaves
• Arts and Architecture: Expressed the
beliefs and values of people
• Complex Religion
– Polytheistic: many gods: sun god, river god,
moon god.
How did Civilization Start
• III Social Changes
– Complex and prosperous economy affected
the social structure of the village life.
– Social classes starting to form
– Religion is more organized
– Polytheistic
How did Civilization Start
I.
Villages grew into cities
•
•
•
II.
Communities were based on agriculture
Domesticated animals became more common
Population increased
Economic Changes
•
•
•
•
•
Food surpluses freed some villagers to pursue
other jobs
Developed skills besides farming
Craftspeople
Trade with other villages stated
Two Important inventions: Wheel and sail
(Mesopotamian)
Civilization
• Spread of Civilization
– City-states started to form
– Empires were territories controlled by one
ruler. ( Group of city-states)
– Interactions with nomads (culture diffusion)
• Civilization and Change
– Environmental changes
– Interactions among peoples (Culture
Diffusion)
Characteristics of Early Civilization
• Social patterns
– Hereditary rulers
• Dynasties of kings and Pharaohs
• Rigid class system, where slavery was accepted
• Political Patterns
– World’s first states( city-states,
kingdom/Empire)
– Centralized governments (Religious Auth)
– Written laws: Ten Commandments/ Code of
Hammurabi
• Development of Economic Patterns
– Metal tools & Weapons
– Increasing agricultural surplus
– Increase in trade along the rivers/seas
Phoenicians****
– Specialization of labor
• Religion Traditions
– Polytheism was practiced by most early Civ
– Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews
• Writing:
– Pictograms Hieroglyphic, Cuneiform, Alphabet
Code of Hammurabi
• FIRST WRITTEN LAWS *******
• Needed a single, uniformed code
of law
• Code listed 282 specific laws
dealing with everything from
family relationships to business
• Different punishment for rich and
poor and for men and women
• *******Important Idea: It reinforced
the principle that government had
a responsibility for what occurred
in society
Government and Society
• World’s first city states
• Social hierarchy: Priests controlled early
government,
• Centralized government based on religion
authority
• Monarch (soldiers) took control during war.
Pass their powers to their sons. Forming
Dynasties
• Women lost status overtime
Egyptian Culture
• Religion and Life
– Polytheistic
– Pharaoh viewed as god as well
– Death: After life
• Mummification, embalming and drying the corpse
• Built great pyramids: TOMBS
• Society: Hereditary
• Royal family, Upper class, Middle class, lower class
• Women had a higher status & greater independence
• Rigid class system where slavery was accepted
Raise of Judaism
– Ten Commandment: heart of Judaism
• state moral and religious conduct
• A set of laws that god gave them
China
• Location: Huang He Valley
• Natural barriers isolated ancient China
• Religion: Polytheism
» Believed in spirits of family ancestors.
» Consulted the gods through the use of oracle bones
• Culture: Strong family ties
» Loyalty to the family
» Women were treated was inferiors
• Government: Strong Central government,
» First Dynasties
» Sharply divided between nobles and peasants (
» Ruled by class of warrior-nobles
• Writing: early character stood for an idea, not a sound
» Helped unify China
• Technology:
– Flood control an irrigation projects, Calendar, Math, and Silk cloth.
The Law Code of Hammurabi
Reign of Hammurabi of Babylon,
1792-1750 B.C.
Religion
• Religion and Mythology
– Polytheistic religious belief
reflected harshness of war
and struggle with
unpredictable environment
• War-like gods who
possessed total control
over human lives
• Sacrifices, rituals, temples
(ziggurats)
• Power of priests and
priestesses
Sumerian
Science and Technology
•
•
•
•
•
Irrigation
Bronze
Wheel, Sail, Ramp and plow
Basic algebra and geometry.
Strong in Astronomy which led to
calendars
• Religion and Life
– Polytheistic
– Pharaoh viewed as god as well
– Death: After life
• Mummification, embalming and drying the corpse
• Built great pyramids: TOMBS
• Society: Hereditary
• Royal family, Upper class, Middle class, lower class
• Women had a higher status & greater independence
• Rigid class system where slavery was accepted
Sumerian Writing
• Cunneiform:
– Need to keep records
– Developed from
pictographs
– Recorded myths,
laws, treaties, and
business
– Scribes
Video Writing
Ziggurat at Ur
Ziggurat at Ur
Cuneiform
Cuneiform
Mesopotamian
Cuneiform
Mesopotamian Civilization
I. Location
– People started top settle in the Southern parts of the
Fertile Crescent before 4500 B.C.
– These people were called Sumerians
II Sumerian (City State)
– Geography;
• Fertile Crescent, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers
• River flooded yearly: Dry hot summers, No rainfall after the
floods.
• No natural barriers for protection
• Surplus of wheat and barley
Mesopotamian Civilization
III Great Solutions:
• Large irrigation ditches to irrigate their fields and for
protection.
• These activities required organization, cooperation, and
leadership
• This is the beginning of organized government and laws
IV Government and Society
•
•
•
•
World’s first city states
Social hierarchy: Priests controlled early government,
Centralized government based on religion authority
Monarch (soldiers) took control during war. Pass their powers
to their sons. Forming Dynasties
• Women lost status overtime.
• Sumer
– Earliest cities in southern
Mesopotamia
– Agriculture and trade (as
far away as India)
– Sumerians
• Developed the wheel
• Created first writing
system (cuneiform)
• Devised a mathematical
system and astronomy
Egyptian Civilization
• Location
– North Africa
– Nile River Valley
– Delta
• Government:
– Theocracy
– Pharaohs
Egyptian Culture
• Writing
– Hieroglyphic
• Earliest forms were pictures
• Later pictures stood for a sound
• Written on papyrus
• Science and Technolgy
– Pyramids, Mathematics, geometry &
Calendar.
Egyptian Writing
“Hieroglyphics
Indus
• Geography (India)
– Indus and Ganges Rivers
– Hindus Kush and Himalaya
separate India from Asia
• Civilization:
–
–
–
–
–
Little is know
Traded with Africa
Planned Cities (sewage system)
Strong Central government
Religion: Polytheism
• Writing unknown
Other Civilizations
• Phoenicians:
• Sailors and Traders
• Settle along the eastern Mediterranean(part
of the Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia)
• Colonized throughout the Mediterranean,
as far away as Sicily and Spain
• Alphabet*****************************
• These river valleys offered rich soil and
irrigation
• water for agriculture, and they tended to
be in locations easily protected from
invasion by nomadic peoples.
Hebrews and Kush
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Hebrews:
Hebrews settled between the Mediterranean Sea
and the Jordan River Valley (part of Fertile
Crescent in Southwest Asia).
Kush(Nubia):
Geography- East Africa
Southern(Upper Nile)
Separated from Egypt by the cataracts
Persian Empire
• Persian Empire:
–
–
–
–
Built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamia Civ
Tolerance of conquered peoples
Development Imperial bureaucracy
New Religion: ZOROASTRAIANISM
– One wise god controlled the world and one evil god
» Good v.s. Bad
– Money Economy
– Road System to link the Empire
– Construction of road system
Persia Empire
Religion of Persia
– Belief in two opposing
forces in the universe
Directions for short story
Short story on the Persia Empire
Pretend you live in the Persia Empire and
create a two to four paragraph story. You
must include your job, religion, what you life
was like, what you and your family traded
and anything else in the Persia empire that
you did. Be creative. Will count as a grade
Ancient Civilizations
I. Early River Valley
–
–
–
Neolithic Period, permanent settlements appeared in river valleys
River valleys provided rich soil for crops & protection from invasions
Fertile Crescent
II. Locations and Time Frame (3500B.C. to 500B.C.)
–
–
–
–
III.
Egyptian: Nile River Valley and Delta (Africa)
Mesopotania: Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys
Indus River Valley: Indian
Huang He Valley: China
Others:
–
–
–
Hebrew: Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River valley
Phoenicians: along the Mediterranean Sea coast
Kush : located on the upper Nile River (South)
Egyptian Pyramids
Mummification
Purification of the
body
Removal of the Internal organs
Drying the body
Washing the body
Body is stuffed with dry materials
Internal organs are put into jars
Body is Wrapped in linens
Body is wrapped in linens
Indus River Valley Civilization
China
Raise of Judaism
• Origins of Judaism
– Abraham is considered the founder of Judaism.
– Moses:
• led the Israelites out of Egypt to Canaan”
• The land they believed that God promises them
– Jerusalem: Capital of kingdom of Israel
• Beliefs, traditions and customs of Judaism
– Monotheistic: one god
– Torah: contains written records and beliefs of Hebrews
– Ten Commandment: heart of Judaism
• state moral and religious conduct
• A set of laws that God gave them
Judaism
• Spread of Judaism
– Exile: Nebuchandneezzer destroyed the great
temple in Jerusalem: forcing Israelites into
exile.
– Diaspora: scattering of people, sent Jews to
different parts of the world
• Why is Judaism Important
– First monotheistic religion
– Foundation of Judaism, Christianity, and
Islamic Religions
Language and Writing
Hieroglyphics
Cuneiform
Hieroglyphics
Social and political organization:
•
The King: he had military powers.
•
The Governors: they governed the territories of
•
The aristocracy: they were priests and traders.
•
The peasants: the people who work the land.
the kingdom. They were generals and judges at
the same time.
The King
The Governors
The Aristocracy
The Peasantry
The Four River Valley Civilization
Sumer, 3200-2350 B.C.
Sargon’s Empire, 23502320 B.C.
The Amorite invasions, 2100-1900 B.C.
The Dynasty of Ur,
2100-2000 B.C.
Reign of Hammurapi of Babylon,
1792-1750 B.C.
Apsu: the fresh waters (male principle)
Tiamat: the salt waters (female principle)
Ea, the god of intelligence and
wisdom, puts Apsu in a trance
and then kills him.
The statue of the god
Marduk with his dragon,
from a Babylonian
cylinder seal. Marduk
killed Tiamat.
These carved stone figures,
their eyes wide with awe and
their hands clasped in
reverence, were placed in
Mesopotamian temples by
worshippers to stand in
perpetual prayer on their behalf
before the god or goddess to
whom the sanctuary was
dedicated.
There were many gods.
For example, Anu was the father
of the gods and the god of the
sky; Enlil was the god of the air;
Utu was the sun god and the
lord of truth and justice; Nanna
While they served and revered the
was the moon god; Inanna was
great gods, most people felt little
the goddess of love and war;
connection with these distant beings.
Ninhursag was the goddess of
Ordinary people depended on a
earth; and Enki was the god of
relationship with their own personal
fresh water as well as the lord
god - a kind of guardian angel - who
of wisdom and magic.
protected individuals and interceded
for them with the great deities.
Hieroglyphics
Egypt