Download Chapter 2 - Duluth High School

Chapter 2
Early Societies in Southwest
Asia and the Indo-European
Migrations
1
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Civilization Defined
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Urban
Political/military
system
Social stratification
Economic
specialization
Religion
Communications
2
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What does it mean to live in a city?
3
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What does it mean to live in a city?
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You don’t grow food.
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
What does it mean to live in a city?
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You don’t grow food.
There is a need for order.
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
What does it mean to live in a city?
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
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You don’t grow food.
There is a need for order.
Specialized labor means more intricate social
structure.
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
What does it mean to live in a city?




You don’t grow food.
There is a need for order.
Specialized labor means more intricate social
structure.
Economic transactions brings a need for a recordkeeping system (writing systems).
7
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
What does it mean to live in a city?





You don’t grow food.
There is a need for order.
Specialized labor means more intricate social
structure.
Economic transactions brings a need for a recordkeeping system (writing systems).
Trade
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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Mesopotamian Empires
1800-600 BCE
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Technological Development in
Mesopotamia
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Bronze (copper with tin), c. 4000 BCE
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Iron, c. 1000 BCE
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Military, agricultural applications
Cheaper than bronze
Wheel, boats, c. 3500 BCE
Shipbuilding increases trade networks
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Uses for Writing
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Trade
Astronomy
Mathematics
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Agricultural applications
Calculation of time
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12-month year
24-hour day, 60-minute
hour
11
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The Early Hebrews
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Patriarchs and Matriarchs from Babylon, c. 1850
BCE
Parallels between early biblical texts, Code of
Hammurabi
Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c. 1300 BCE
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Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption
On-going conflict with indigenous populations
under King David (1000-970 BCE) and Solomon
(970-930 BCE)
12
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Moses and Monotheism
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Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other
Mesopotamian civilizations
Moses introduces monotheism, belief in single
god
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Denies existence of competing parallel deities
Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity
with revealed law
The Torah (“the teaching”)
13
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Foreign conquests of Israel
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Civil war
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Assyrian conquest, 722 BCE
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Northern tribes: Israel
Southern: Judah
Exiles Israel: ten lost tribes
Babylonian conquest, 586 BCE
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Additional exile of many residents of Judah
Returned later than century
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Israel and Phoenicia, 1500-600 BCE
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The Phoenicians
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City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000
BCE
Extensive maritime trade
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Dominated Mediterranean trade, 1200-800 BCE
Development of alphabet symbols
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Simpler alternative to cuneiform
Spread of literacy
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Indo-European Migrations
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Common roots of many languages of Europe,
southwest Asia, India
Implies influence of a single Indo-European
people
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Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine
and Russia, 4500-2500 BCE
Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian
weaponry allowed them to spread widely
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The Indo-European Migrations
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Implications of Indo-European Migration
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Hittities migrate to central Anatolia, c. 1900 BCE, later
dominate Babylonia
Influence on trade
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Horses, chariots with spoked wheels, use of Iron
Iron
Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant
Influence on language and culture
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Aryo, “noble, lord”
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Aryan, Iranian, Irish
Caste system in India
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Origins and Spread of Agriculture
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