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The most obscured high energy sources Or how infrared observations allow to reveal mysteries of the most obscured X-ray sources of our Galaxy… Sylvain CHATY (Université Paris 7 / Service d’Astrophysique, France) ESO - 28 novembre 2006 Plan The INTEGRAL observatory Discovery of new sources in our Galaxy How to understand their nature? Multi-wavelength optical/NIR/MIR observations: Obscured X-ray sources: the archetype IGR J16318-4848 Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients: the archetype IGR J17544-2619 Results and discussion on new INTEGRAL sources Conclusions and perspectives S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Plan The INTEGRAL observatory Discovery of new sources in our Galaxy How to understand their nature? Multi-wavelength optical/NIR/MIR observations: Obscured X-ray sources: the archetype IGR J16318-4848 Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients: the archetype IGR J17544-2619 Results and discussion on new INTEGRAL sources Conclusions and perspectives S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 The INTEGRAL observatory INTEGRAL satellite: 2 keV – few MeV Launched on 17 October 2002 by PROTON rocket on excentric orbit S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 INTEGRAL observatory 4 instruments 2 coded mask telescopes: imager IBIS and spectro-imager SPI: 10keV-4MeV Resolution 12’, fov 19° 1 coded mask X telescope JEM-X: 2-100keV 1 optical telescope: OMC S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Multi-wavelength observations Ground and space… Multi-wavelength observations (radio, infrared and X/ rays S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Plan The INTEGRAL observatory Discovery of new sources in our Galaxy How to understand their nature? Multi-wavelength optical/NIR/MIR observations: Obscured X-ray sources: the archetype IGR J16318-4848 Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients: the archetype IGR J17544-2619 Results and discussion on new INTEGRAL sources Conclusions and perspectives S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 The Milky Way, our Galaxy (seen from inside) S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 The Milky Way, our Galaxy (seen from outside) Side view S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Face-on The Milky Way, our Galaxy S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Discovery of a new type of sources in the sky Mystery of the X-ray background Observations of the Milky Way: IBIS resolved it in many point sources New sources towards the Norma arm of the Galaxy, previously unknown… (>200: Bird et al. 2006) Still present at higher energies Zoom on the center And this Norma arm is full of star formation regions! G-rays (INTEGRAL/ISGRI) IR (COBE) S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006Lebrun et al. 2004 Tomsick et al. 2004 Plan The INTEGRAL observatory Discovery of new sources in our Galaxy How to understand their nature? Multi-wavelength optical/NIR/MIR observations: Obscured X-ray sources: the archetype IGR J16318-4848 Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients: the archetype IGR J17544-2619 Results and discussion on new INTEGRAL sources Conclusions and perspectives S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Unidentified INTEGRAL sources Among IGR sources: ~1/10: already known faint ASCA sources (Sugizaki) A few already known RXTE sources ~1/10: certainly AGNs (Bassani et al.) 25% of INTEGRAL sources have a likely ROSAT counterpart 50% of the sources detected by par INTEGRAL! (Stephen et al) S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 X-RAY BINARIES X-ray binary: binary system containing a compact object (neutron star or stellar-mass black hole) accreting matter from the companion star. Accreted matter carries angular momentum and on its way to the compact object usually forms an accretion disk, responsible for the X-ray emission. 280 X-ray binaries are known (Liu et al. 2000, 2001). High Mass and Low Mass X-Ray Binary Systems HMXB : companion mass M2 > M Luminous, young, early type (O, B) Stellar Wind fed systems LMXB : companion mass M2 M Faint, old, late spectral type (K, M) Roche-Lobe / Disk fed systems High Mass X-ray Binaries (HMXBs). Optical companion with spectral type O DYNAMICAL ESTIMATE or B. Mass transfer viaMASS decretion disk (Be stars) or via strong wind or Rochelobe overflow (OB SG). 131 Orbital parameter fromknown measures ofHMXBs. GRS 1915+105 Doppler shifts of Optical or IR lines/bands Derived Mass Function f (M) = 9.5 M f (M) = (M1cos i)3 / (M1 + M2)2 M1 can provide estimate of Compact Object Mass Low Mass X-ray Binaries (LMXBs). Optical companion with spectral type later than B. Mass transfer overflow. Masses larger thanvia 3 M Roche-lobe must imply BH 149 known LMXBs. (Greiner et al 01) S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Galactic distribution A fair fraction of new INTEGRAL sources should be High Mass X-ray Binaries (HMXBs) Over-density of INTEGRAL sources in the region tangent to the Norma arm (5–8kpc) 131 149 New : -0.9 HMXB : -0.6 HMXB+new: -0.6 HMXB (XTE): -0.6±0.1 Walter et al. 2006 S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Discovery of a new type of sources How to identify all these new INTEGRAL sources? To observe in X/ rays is not enough: ISGRI localisation not enough to identify the counterpart To observe in optical is difficult: Sources mainly in the plane (centre) of the Galaxy: too much absorption (interstellar dust and gas) S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Programme of study of new high energy binary sources Identification of counterparts, nature of system, compact object, companion star, distance, accretion type… characterize presence, temperature, composition of dust Photometry/Spectroscopy on 15 INTEGRAL sources 3 domains: Optical EMMI (400-800 nm): La Silla (3.5m-NTT) Near-infrared SOFI (1-2.5 mm): La Silla (3.5m-NTT) Mid-Infrared VISIR (5-20mm): Paranal (8m-VLT/UT3) 2 modes of observations (European Southern Observatory): « Target of Opportunity mode»: ~16h/semester to observe new binary systems « Visitor mode »: 3 nights 07/2004, 1 night 06/2005, 2 nights 06/2006 S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Plan The INTEGRAL observatory Discovery of new sources in our Galaxy How to understand their nature? Multi-wavelength optical/NIR/MIR observations: Obscured X-ray sources: the archetype IGR J16318-4848 Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients: the archetype IGR J17544-2619 Results and discussion on new INTEGRAL sources Conclusions and perspectives S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Plan The INTEGRAL observatory Discovery of new sources in our Galaxy How to understand their nature? Multi-wavelength optical/NIR/MIR observations: Obscured X-ray sources: the archetype IGR J16318-4848 Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients: the archetype IGR J17544-2619 Results and discussion on new INTEGRAL sources Conclusions and perspectives S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 The Obscured INTEGRAL source IGR J16318-4848: From INTEGRAL high energy … …to Optical/MIR observations. (Chaty & Rahoui, 2006; Chaty & Filliatre, Ap&SS, 2005; Filliatre & Chaty, ApJ, 2004) S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Discovery of IGR J16318-4848 by INTEGRAL 1st source discovered by INTEGRAL (IBIS/ISGRI) on 29 January 2003 Position: (l,b)~(336°, 0.5°) RA=16h31.8m, DEC=-48°48’ Localisation accuracy: 2’ with INTEGRAL (Moon: 30’!) Non-absorbed Flux: 15-40 keV Flux: 50-100 mCrab (Courvoisier et al. 2003) L5kpc = 1-20 S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 1036 erg/s INTEGRAL/ISGRI (15-40 keV) Norma arm region image (Walter et al. 2003) ToO observations with XMM-Newton XMM observations (28ks ToO on 10/02/2003): 4” localisation Comptonised spectrum: Strong photoelectric absorption: Fe absorption edge at 7.1keV Fe K, K, Ni K Fluorescence lines Variability: Nh=1.84+/-0.06x1024 cm-2 kT = 9±0.5 keV Photon index ~ 2 RXTE: no oscillation detected variable flux (factor 20) 10 hours between each flare Sometimes 2-3 days of inactivity Nh-flux correlation? Variations of lines and continuum on temporal scale of 1000s: size of emitting region < 3 x 1013 cm (Walter et al. 2003) X-ray properties ~ CI Cam, Vela X1, GX 301-2 S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 EPIC PN, EPIC MOS2 and ISGRI spectra (Matt & Guainazzi 2003; Walter et al. 2003) Discovery of the optical/NIR counterpart B>25.4+/-1; V>21.1+/-0.1 R=17.72+/-0.12; I=16.05+/-0.54 J=10.33+/-0.14; H=8.33+/-0.10 Ks=7.20+/-0.05 IGR J16318-4848 photometric observations on 23-25/02/2003 Discovery of the R, I, Z counterpart Comparison with USNO B1.0 plate R band: only one of the two sources varied in the XMM EPIC 4” uncertainty circle. Confirmation of NIR counterpart proposed by Walter et al. 2003 by an improved astrometry S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Absorption in optical/NIR B, V, R, I, J, H, K magnitudes of candidate and 4 neighbours IGR source exhibits unusual 17.4mag absorption •stronger than absorption along line of sight objects (11.4mag), •but 100 x lower than X-rays!!! Material absorbing in X-rays must be concentrated near the compact object S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 NIR spectroscopy: 0.95-2.5 mm Unusual spectrum very rich in many strong emission lines • • • • • • Strong H (Br, Pa, Pf) and HeI (P-Cyg): emanate from dense, ionised wind He II: highly excited region in vicinity of compact object [FeII]: indication of shock heated material FeII => densities > 105-106 cm-3 NaI: cool/dense regions shielded from stellar and compact object radiation Lines originate from different media (various densities, temperature) Highly complex, stratified circumstellar environment + enveloppe, wind… • => luminous post main sequence star: most likely an uncl/sgB[e] star: High-mass X-ray binary system, similar to CI Cam S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Spectral Energy Distribution Fit parameters: L ~ 106 d26kpcLSun T = 20 250 K M = 30 MSun High L, T and M: Supergiant star Distance = 6kpc Av = 17.5 mag r/D=5x10-10 • Unusual absorption: cocon of dust? Hertzprung-Russel Diagram S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Color-magnitude diagramme Position computed for 2 different absorptions (11.8 and 17.4 mag) and for distances between 1 and 8 kpc Parameter space indicate a hot supergiant between 1 and 6 kpc Absorption <17.4mag Compatible with OB type supergiants S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 IGR J16318-4848 Optical -> mid-infrared SED Spitzer •Unusual absorption: cocoon of dust? ESO/NTT VLT/VISIR Model: Companion star: sgB[e], T=23500 K, R=20.4 Rsun = 15 106 km Dust component: T=900K, R=12 R* = 1ua Av=17.6, D=1.2 kpc Result: Fit 2/dof=89.4/99 Need for extra (e.g. dust) component. Extension of this dust component seems to suggest that it is enshrouding the whole binary system. S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Nature of the compact object Correlation in LHS black hole systems between Xray/radio flux densities: 50-100 mCrab X-ray flux => 10 mJy radio flux Radio ATCA observation on 2003 Feb 9: no detection up to 0.1 mJy associated with low/hard X-ray emission => compact object is a neutron star But correlation not always verified… S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Gallo et al. 2004 Nature of IGR J16318-4848 High Mass X-ray Binary system: neutron star + early-type supergiant B[e] star Absorption: the 2nd HMXB with sgB[e] after CI Cam Distance 1 to 6 kpc in X-rays 2 orders of magnitude > IR in opt/IR 2 orders of magnitude > line of sight System surrounded by dense and absorbing dusty circumstellar material/enveloppe, + cold and hot stellar wind components Because they are obscured, the « Norma arm » sources can only be studied in high-energy and infrared domains. S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Plan The INTEGRAL observatory Discovery of new sources in our Galaxy How to understand their nature? Multi-wavelength optical/NIR/MIR observations: Obscured X-ray sources: the archetype IGR J16318-4848 Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients: the archetype IGR J17544-2619 Results and discussion on new INTEGRAL sources Conclusions and perspectives S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 The SFXT (Supergiant Fast X-ray Transient) source IGR J17544-2619… From INTEGRAL high energy … …to Optical/MIR observations. (Chaty & Rahoui 2006, proc. INTEGRAL; Pellizza, Chaty, Negueruela, 2006, A&A) S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 IGR J17544-2619 Recurrent transient X-ray source discovered by INTEGRAL (09/2003) near the Galactic center (Sunyaev et al. 2003, ATel 190) Bursts last ~hours, long quiescence periods, no radio emission reported (Gonzalez-Riestra et al. 2004, A&A 420, 589) Very hard X-ray spectrum, Nh~2 1022, another highly absorbed galactic XB? Negueruela, Smith, Reig, Chaty, Torrejon, 2005 (Gonzalez-Riestra et al. 2004, A&A 420, 589) Similar to other IGR sources (J16318-4848, J16320-4851, J16358-4726) (Chaty 2004, Gonzalez-Riestra et al. 2004, A&A 420, 589; Smith 2005, ATEL 338) A new kind of XBs? Important to establish their nature Optical/NIR Target of Opportunity observations 1 day after discovery! S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Image Ks IGR J17544-2619 optical/NIR counterpart 2’ Ks-band image XMM: 4” error radius 1RXS J175428: ROSAT source not connected with IGR J17544 IGR J17544-2619 (Pellizza, Chaty, Negueruela, 2006, A&A) S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 J-band image 5.5’x5.5’ INTEGRAL: 2’ error radius ROSAT: 23” error radius XMM: 4” error radius Chandra: 0.4’’ IGR J17544-2619 optical/NIR counterpart 1 bright candidate (B) identified in USNO & 2MASS 3 very faint candidates (F1-3): foreground dwarf stars? 1 extended object (E) high-z galaxy? S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Candidate B spectrum Blue supergiant O9 Ib (25-28 M, T~32000K) High-mass X-ray binary Existence of a stellar wind: 265 ± 20 km/s (unusually mild for O stars, cf. 400 km/s in IGR J16318-4848: Filliatre & Chaty 2004, ApJ 616, 469) S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 IGR J17544-2619 Optical -> mid-infrared SED ESO/NTT Presence of dust? Spitzer VLT/VISIR Model: Companion star: O9Ib, T=30500K, R=21.9 Rsun Av=5.9, D=3.9kpc Fit result: 2/dof=84/48 no need for extra (e.g. dust) component S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Nature of IGR J17544-2619 •HMXB with companion of 25-28 M supergiant O9Ib QuickTime™ et un décompresseur TIFF (non compressé) sont requis pour visionner cette image. •Presence of mild stellar wind •Compact object: likely Neutron Star (in’t zand 2005) •Distance: 3-4 kpc •Faint intrinsic absorption (1022cm-2), Long Poutburst=165d •Detection of flux variations during quiescence •Archetype of “SFXTs”: Supergiant Fast X-ray transients: O/B supergiant companions, Compact object = BH or NS, faint quiescent emission, outbursts lasting only hours. S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Plan The INTEGRAL observatory Discovery of new sources in our Galaxy How to understand their nature? Multi-wavelength optical/NIR/MIR observations: Obscured X-ray sources: the archetype IGR J16318-4848 Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients: the archetype IGR J17544-2619 Results and discussion on new INTEGRAL sources Conclusions and perspectives S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Results •IGR J16318-4848 and IGR J17544-2619 exhibit common characteristics: •High Mass X-ray Binaries with O/B companion •Compact object: neutron star or black hole •X-ray transients •No radio emission •But they also exhibit differences: •High intrinsic absorption around the compact object / the binary system •A new population of sources revealed by INTEGRAL. Because some are obscured, these sources can only be studied at high-energies and IR. S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Characteristics of the studied INTEGRAL sources Source Region Pspin Nh Nhgal NhEB-V 193 2.1 <4.2 Porb Persistent sources IGRJ16318-4848 Norma IGRJ16320-4751 Norma 1250s 18 2.1 IGRJ16393-4641 Norma 912s 24 2.2 <2.7 IGRJ17252-3616 GC 413s 15 1.5 <5.3 IGRJ17597-2201 GC 5 1.2 <2.9 IGRJ18027-2016 GC 139s 9 1.1 <2.1 IGRJ16358-4726 Norma 5880s 39 2.2 <4.2 IGR J16418-4532 Norma 965s 10 2.0 <3.6 IGRJ16465-4507 Norma 228s 60 1.6 <1.0 IGR J16479-4514 Norma 8 2.1 <4.8 IGRJ17544-2619 GC 2 1.4 <2.5 9d 9.7d 4.6d Transient sources Zurita 2006 adapted S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 NS 165d? Results of 2004 NTT-SOFI/EMMI and 2005/2006 Paranal UT3-VISIR observations Source Type Spectral type PAH1 (8.59 mm) mJy PAH2 (11.25 mm) mJy Q2 (18.72 mm) mJy Dust Temp (K) Dust Radius (R*) IGR J16195-4945 SFXT?/OBS OB <6 <8 <50 950 6.1 IGR J16318-4848 OBS sgB[e] 409 322 172 900 11.9 IGR J16320-4751 OBS OB 12 6 - IGR J17391-3021 SFXT O8Iab(f) 70 46 - IGR J17544-2619 SFXT O9Ib 36 20 - B0 22 (extended) 9 <53 880 10.1 IGR J16207-5129 IGR J16358-4726 OBS <7 - - IGR J16418-4532 SFXT <6 - - IGR J16465-4507 SFXT/OBS? B0.5I 9 5 - IGR J16479-4514 SFXT OB 12 7 - IGR J17252-3616 OBS OB 6 2 - IGR J17597-2201 Late? <6 - - IGR J18027-2016 sgOB <6 - - IGR J19140+0951 OB? 35 (2 sources) 19 (2 sources) - S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 9 sources detected in MIR out of 14 = 2/3: MIR (stellar) emission seems usual around these sources, but the case of IGR J16318-4848 remains exceptional! The systems 30% of sources detected by INTEGRAL/IBIS were not known. 80% of Norma sources are X-ray pulsars, high spin periods Spectra typical of neutron stars No radio emission 85% of sources are highly absorbed (X-ray observations): column density NH>1023 cm-2 X-ray absorption >> IR => absorbing matter local to neutron star NH variation on short periods? => link with accretion column/geometry? A big fraction of these sources are close to the galactic plane |b|< 1° They are HMXBs, some identified with OB types (Opt/NIR observations) S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Nature of systems: Corbet Diagramme Underfilled Roche lobe Supergiants 80% of Norma sources are X-ray pulsars High spin periods Star Porb=10d, M=20Msol, a=50Rsol < Rdust (Rdust=240RSunfor IGR J16318) •HMXBs Pspin vs Porb: •Be Binaries •supergiant Roche lobe overflow systems •super-giant wind accretors S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 So, what are these sources? Different geometries, different possible scenarii A new population of sources of our Galaxy revealed by INTEGRAL ~15 sources with same characteristics: not by chance! 80% are neutron stars orbiting around super-giant stars (hot, massive, luminous): Presence of a cocoon of dense and absorbing dust concentrated: 1) Either around the compact object: SFXTs (~IGR J17544): Wide orbit, neutron star penetrates inside the atmosphere/envelope of companion star, causing outbursts? 2) Or enshrouding the whole system: obscured sources (~IGR J16318) : neutron star orbits within a dense equatorial wind density 1011–12 cm–3 Disc thickness 1012–13 cm (10-100 RSun) Disc radius 1013–14 cm (1-10 a.u.) The answer will be given by orbital periods of these sources… High and persistent column density => special wind configuration Many such sources => geometry favours accretion S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Plan The INTEGRAL observatory Discovery of new sources in our Galaxy How to understand their nature? Multi-wavelength optical/NIR/MIR observations: Obscured X-ray sources: the archetype IGR J16318-4848 Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients: the archetype IGR J17544-2619 Results and discussion on new INTEGRAL sources Conclusions and perspectives S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Conclusions • Obscured sources and SFXTs share similar properties: • High Mass X-ray Binaries with O/B supergiant secondaries • But they are not the same! • Intrinsic absorption around the compact object / whole system • Extension of the absorbing material (dust…) • X-ray transient/persistent (due to geometry?) INTEGRAL doubled the population of massive binaries with supergiant in our Galaxy, and revealed a class of highly absorbed binaries. • This new population will constrain the geometry and evolution of X-ray binaries: • dominant population born with two very massive components? • Primary progenitors of NS/NS or NS/BH mergers: • Link with short/hard gamma-ray bursts? • Good candidates of gravitational waves emitters? S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 And then? Still many questions: No radio emission: does geometry or dust prevent jet formation? And also, where does this dust come from? How were they formed? Link with region of stellar formation of Norma arm? How will they evolve? (neutron star decelerated?) Does this circumstellar environment result from binarity or stellar evolution? What is the geometry of these systems (size of orbit, orbital period…)? These sources will allow to better understand birth, evolution and geometry of HMXB with supergiants. To answer to these questions: new observing campaigns foreseen or pending, in high energies and NIR/MIR, during and inbetween flares S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Se acabo… gracias! El universo es tremendamente creativo, lo que nos obliga a abrirnos a lo desconocido… (Alberto Ludwig Urquieta, 1926) S. Chaty - ESO - 28/11/2006 Naturaleza Azul, Francisco Brugnoli