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CHAPTER
NEW CHAPTER
Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe
the BIG idea
Our Sun is one of billions of stars in one of billions of galaxies in the
universe.
4.1 The Sun is our local star.
4.2 Stars change over their life cycles.
4.3 Galaxies have different sizes and shapes.
4.4 The universe is expanding.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
The Sun is our local star.
The Sun produces energy from hydrogen. Energy flows
through the Sun’s layers. Features appear on the Sun’s
surface.
VOCABULARY
fusion
convection
corona
sunspot
Interior
layers
solar wind
atmosphere
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.2
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Stars change over their life cycles.
Stars vary in brightness, size, color, and temperature.
The development of a star depends on the mass of the
star. Most stars are grouped with one or more
companion stars.
VOCABULARY
light-year
parallax
nebula
lower-mass
star
higher-mass
stars
main sequence
neutron star
supergiants
giant star
white dwarf
black hole
supernovas
neutron star
black hole
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.3
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Galaxies have different sizes and shapes.
VOCABULARY
Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is a spiral galaxy. Galaxies
can also be elliptical or irregular. Irregular galaxies have
no definite shape.
Spiral Galaxy
Elliptical Galaxy
quasar
Irregular Galaxy
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.4
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
The universe is expanding.
Galaxies are moving farther a part in the universe.
Scientists are investigating the origin and development
of the universe.
VOCABULARY
Doppler effect
big bang
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
The Sun is our local star.
I. The Sun is our local star.
VOCABULARY
fusion
A. The Sun produces energy from hydrogen.
B. Energy flows through the Sun’s layers.
convection
corona
1. The Sun’s Interior
sunspot
2. The Sun’s Atmosphere
solar wind
3. Features on the Sun
4. Solar Wind
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Stars change over their life cycles.
II. Stars change over their life cycles.
VOCABULARY
light-year
A. We classify stars by their characteristics.
parallax
1. Brightness and Distance
nebula
2. Size
main sequence
3. Color and Temperature
neutron star
B. Stars have life cycles.
black hole
1. Stages in the Life Cycles of Stars
2. Neutron Stars and Black Holes
3. Star Systems
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Galaxies have different sizes and shapes.
III. Galaxies have different sizes and shapes.
VOCABULARY
quasar
A. Our solar system lies within the Milky Way
galaxy.
B. Galaxies vary in appearance.
1. Types of Galaxies
2. Centers of Galaxies
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.4
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
The universe is expanding.
IV. The universe is expanding.
A. Galaxies are moving farther apart in the
universe.
VOCABULARY
Doppler effect
big bang
1. Looking Back in Time
2. The Motion of Galaxies
B. Scientists are investigating the origin of the
universe.
1. Evidence of the Big Bang
2. Development of the Universe
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
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