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Transcript
Chapter 12 Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance “…As if on a given signal, splendid talents are stirring.” --Erasmus, 1517 “…This is the worst age of history.” --Erasmus, 1536 Best of times?…Worst of times? Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance Renaissance = Rebirth Jacob Burkhardt (Swiss) Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Three Distinct Characteristics 1. Humanism: Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture (writings, art, history, politics, philosophy) 2. Individualism: Emphasis on individual ability (man as man). 3. Changes in Artistic Style: A break from the medieval past in terms of technique and content. “The Best” The Artistic Renaissance Early Renaissance Masaccio (1401 – 1428) The Tribute Money Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466) David Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) Church of San Lorenzo Sandro Botticelli (1444 - 1510) Birth of Venus Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) Last Supper Raphael (1483 – 1520) School of Athens Michelangelo (1475 – 1564) The Sistine Chapel Masaccio “The Best” Literature of the Renaissance The Literary Giants The Classical Scholars • Boccaccio • Leonardo Bruni • Desiderius Erasmus • Lorenzo Valla • Cervantes • Petrarch • Rabelais •Shakespeare The Important Thinkers • Laura Cereta • Christine de Pizan • Niccolo Machiavelli “The Best” Scientists • Nicholas Copernicus • Galileo Galilei “The Best” Religious Figures • Jan Hus • Martin Luther • John Calvin • Teresa of Avila • Ignatius of Loyola “The Best” Technological Advancements • Architecture • Navigation • Printing Press “The Worst” • Constant Warfare • Forced Conversions • Public Executions • Bloody Religious Conflicts • Destruction of Civilizations • New Slave Trade Why Italy? • Geography • Urbanization • Social Structure • Political Structure The Balance of Power Among the Italian City-States In the 15th century, five powers dominated the Italian peninsula: Florence, Milan, Papal States, Venice, Naples City patriotism and competition for power among cities prevented political centralization on the Italian peninsula Balance of power: Weaker states ally with other states. No single state dominates -- modern diplomacy Republic of Florence: Birthplace of the Renaissance (Includes Republic of Genoa) Cosimo de’ Medici (1389 - 1464) Dominated by the Medici family Cosimo de’ Medici allied with other powerful families to become the unofficial ruler Wealthy patron of humanism. Helped found the Florentine Platonic Academy. Many of the great names of the Renaissance made their name in Florence. Intellectual Change Humanism: The study of man and his potential 1. 2. 3. 4. Secularism: Focus on the here and now, less on the afterworld. Writings emphasize desire for power, prestige, wealth, status. Rewards to be reaped here on earth. The Classics: A revival of the works of Ancient Greece and Rome. Collectors scoured monasteries, ruins-anywhere--for evidence of the ancient times. This revival would be reflected in the art and architecture of the period. Individualism: Focus on “man as man”--his ability to think, learn, and act. Virtu: Petrarch writes about love to his sweetheart Laura. Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier, is a “how-to” guide for the ideal Renaissance man. Power: Machiavelli preached “power politics” but there were other tools that could be used to dominate everything from the globe (cartography), to sound (musical notation), to abstract space (3-D perspective in painting), to people (exploration and colonization). Humanist Writers Petrarch (1304-1374): The “Father of Humanism” • Considered the first modern writer Called the middle ages the “Dark Ages” Influenced by works of Cicero Wrote in the Italian vernacular Works: Laura (Love Poems), Letters to the Ancient Dead (Letters to ancient Roman writers Boccaccio (1313-1375): The Decameron • His most famous work--consisted of 100 earthly tales on Italian life, some irreverent and lewd. Best surviving descriptions of the Black Death. Humanist Writers Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444) First to use the term “humanism” A civic humanist--served as chancellor in Florence and wrote a history of Florence, History of the Florentine People, on which he labored for 30 years. Believed there were lessons to learn from history. Past events were the result of human, not divine, activity. Humanist Writers Lorenzo Valla: On the False Donation of Constantine (1440) questioned land the Church claimed was given to it by Emperor Constantine, and Elegances of the Latin Language (1444) became the standard textbook for writing throughout Europe. Humanist Writers Marsilio Ficino (1433-99) At the behest of Cosimo de’ Medici he founded the Platonic Academy (translating Plato’s works into Latin for the first time). Pico della Mirandola (1463-94) His Oration on the Dignity of Man is perhaps the most famous Renaissance work on the nature of man and emphasizes man’s gift of “reason” which gives them the ability to “rise upward towards the angels.” Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529) The Book of the Courtier (1528): The most important work on Renaissance education. Specified the qualities you need to be a true gentleman (including physical and intellectual abilities--musician, dancer, poet, warrior). Rejected “crude” behaviors--spitting, eating without utensils, wiping one’s nose with one’s sleeve, etc. Machiavelli and the New Statecraft Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527) The Prince (1513) The quintessential treatise of the 16th century on the acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power. Considered the first modern work of political science “The ends justify the means” “Better to be feared than loved” Rulers should behave like a “lion (aggressive and strong) and a fox (cunning and practical).” What does it mean to behave Machiavellian? Humanist Writers… Remember the Ladies QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Laura Cereta (1469 - 1499) Daughter of a nobleman and sent away at age 7 to be educated in a convent. At age 9 she returned home to care for her five younger siblings and study from her father who tutored her in math, Latin, and Greek. Married at 15, her husband dies two years later from the plague. Plunges into a life of learning and writing. Wrote an important defense of humanist study for women. She died unexpectedly at age 30. Considered a forerunner to the feminist movement of the Enlightenment. Humanist Writers…Remember the Ladies Christine de Pizan (1365-1429) Born in Venice, moved to France as a child. First woman to write professionally and the first published feminist She was well educated thanks to her progressive father (a physician and astrologer who served King Charles V of France) By age 25 she was a widow with three children and decided to pursue a literary career. She wrote the only contemporary tribute to Joan of Arc, viewing her as a hero and example of the triumph of good over evil. Her most important work, The Book of the City of Ladies (1405) depicted a world where women hold all the jobs needed to run a city. Christine de Pizan Lecturing a group of men Education Education in the Renaissance Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music Education of Women: Still faced significant barriers despite some breakthroughs. Often viewed as objects of art or pawns in marriage alliances. Aim of Education was to create a complete citizen Francesco Guicciardini: Wrote a History of Florence and a History of Italy. In his Maxims and Reflections he instructs historians to “write so that someone born in a far distant age would have all those things as much before his eyes as did those who were then present. This is the aim of history.” The Printing Press The Impact of Printing: Invented by the Chinese but perfected by Gutenberg in the 1450s. Johannes Gutenberg Gutenberg-style printing press from 1568. Such presses could make 240 prints per hour. Movable type (1445 – 1450) Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456) The Spread of Printing No longer does the church or state hold a monopoly on education or intellectual life Contributes to spread of Renaissance ideas and Protestant Reformation To Be Continued… Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy Arranged Marriages Father-husband head of family Wife managed household Childbirth Sexual Norms p. 359 p. 359 p. 360 p. 360 p. 361 p. 361 p. 362 p. 363 p. 363 The Northern Artistic Renaissance Jan van Eyck (c. 1380 – 1441) Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528) Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride Adoration of the Magi Music in the Renaissance Guillaume Dufay p. 365 p. 366 The European State in the Renaissance The Renaissance State in Western Europe France England Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483) War of the Roses Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509) Spain Unification of Castile and Aragón Establishment of professional royal army Religious uniformity The Inquisition Conquest of Granada Expulsion of the Jews Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe Habsburg Dynasty Maximilian I (1493 – 1519) Poland Hungary Russia The Ottoman Turks and the end of the Byzantine Empire Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453) Map 12-2, p. 367 Map 12-3, p. 368 Chronology, p. 370 The Church in the Renaissance The Problem of Heresy and Reform John Hus (1374 – 1415) Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy Burned at the stake (1415) Church Councils The Papacy The Renaissance Papacy Julius II (1503 – 1513) “Warrior Pope” Nepotism Patrons of Culture Leo X (1513 – 1521) Map 12-4, p. 371 p. 372 Chronology, p. 373 Timeline, p. 374 Discussion Questions What social changes did the Renaissance bring about? How did Machiavelli deal with the issue of political power? How did the printing press change European society? What technical achievements did Renaissance artists make? Why were they significant? What was the significance of The War of the Roses in England? How did the popes handle the growing problems that were emerging in the Church in the Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century?