Download Table 1. Characteristics of lung cancer cases and controls in

问卷设计和课题实施
Questionnaire Design and Study Implementation
Shanghai China, July 4, 2015
Yawei Zhang, MD, PhD, MPH
Associate Professor
Yale University School of Public Health
Brief Overview of the Research Process
Research Objective, Question, Hypothesis
Study Design
Clinical Trial
Case only
Cross-sectional
Case-control
Cohort
Data Collection
Data Entry, Data Management
Data Mining, Data Analysis and Manuscript Writing
ecological
Brief Overview of the Research Process
Research Objective, Question, Hypothesis
Study Design
Clinical Trial
Case only
Cross-sectional
Case-control
Cohort
Data Collection
Data Entry, Data Management
Data Mining, Data Analysis and Manuscript Writing
ecological
Data Collection
Questionnaire
Biomarkers
DATA
(Blood, Urine, Stool, Hair, Nail, Tissue)
Environmental
Monitoring Data
Medical Records
Data Collection
Questionnaire
Biomarkers
DATA
(Blood, Urine, Stool, Hair, Nail, Tissue)
Environmental
Monitoring Data
Medical Records
Questionnaire
 A valid questionnaire measures what it claims to measure
 A reliable questionnaire yield consistent results from repeated
samples and different researchers over time. Differences in results
come from differences between participants, not from
inconsistencies in how items are understood or how different
observers interpret the responses
 A standardized questionnaire is one that is written and administered
so all participants are asked the precisely the same questions in an
identical format and responses recorded in a uniform manner.
Questionnaire Design
OBJECTIVES
Maximize the participation rate
Obtain accurate relevant information
WHAT TO ASK
Dependent variables
Independent variables
Confounding variables
WORDING QUESTIONS
FORMATE RESPONSE
Open ended
Closed ended
Use short and simple sentences
Ask for only one piece of information at a time
Avoid negatives if possible
Ask precise questions
Ensure those you ask have the necessary knowledge
Levels of details and sensitive issues
ARRANGE QUESTIONS
LENGTH
Balance comprehensiveness with
time to administer
respondent fatigue
costs
From general to particular
From easy to difficult
From factual to abstract
Start with questions relevant to the main subject
Good use of arrows and boxes to clarify
DON’T REINVENT THE WHEEL
Look at other studies, gather copies of questionnaires, talk to colleagues, consult experts
Pilot Test of Questionnaire
 Pre-test and revise as necessary
 This is a dynamic, interactive, iterative process
Administer Questionnaire
 Personal interviews
– paper-and-pencil
– computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI)
 Telephone interviews
– paper-and-pencil
– computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI)
 Self-administered questionnaires
– paper-and-pencil (in person or by mail)
– computer-assisted self-interviewing (CASI)
– web-based
Self Administered Questionnaire
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
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Cheap and easy to administer
Preserve confidentiality
Can be completed at respondent’s convenience
Can be administered in a standard manner
Interview administered Questionnaire
 Allow participation by illiterate people
 Allow clarification of ambiguity
Examples
A4. 去年（2009），您全家都人均月收入（包括各种来源）是多少？__________(元)