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ANATOMIC TERMINOLOGY WORDLIST
Lectures 6,7,8
Anatomical position
Planes:
 Median (Midsagittal)
 Sagittal (Parasagittal)
 Coronal (Frontal)
 Horizontal (Transverse)
Terms of Relationship
 Superficial
 Medial
 Anterior
 Superior
 Proximal
 Deep
 Lateral
 Posterior
 Inferior
 Distal
 External
 Central
 Parietal
 Ipsilateral
 Internal
 Peripheral
 Visceral
 Contralateral
Terms of Movement
 Flexion
 Extension
 Adduction
 Abduction
 Medial rotation
 Lateral rotation
 Circumduction
 Pronation
 Supination
 Inversion
 Eversion
 Protrusion (protraction)
 Retrusion (retraction)
 Dorsiflexion
 Plantarflexion
Skeletal System
 Bones
 Cartilage
Axial Skeleton- 80 bones
 Skull
 Hyoid bone
 Vertebrae
 Ribs
 Sternum
Appendicular Skeleton- 126 bones
 Pectoral Girdle- Free Upper Extremity
 Pelvic Girdle- Free Lower Extremity
Articular System
 Joints
 Ligaments
Cartilage
 Hyalin- Most common
o Joint surfaces, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
epiphyseal plates
 Elastic
o Similar to hyaline cartilage, with
elastic fibers
 Auricle, EAC, auditory tubes,
epiglottis
 Fibrocartilage
o Hyaline cartilage and dense CT
 Pubic symphysis and annulus
fibrosis of intervertebral disc
Bone Classification
 Long
o Tubular
o Length > width
o Shaft with marrow cavity
 Short
o Cuboidal
o Only in wrist (carpus) and ankle
(tarsus)
 Flat
o Squamous
 Skull
 Ribs
 Sternum
 Scapula
 Irregular
o Irregular Bones
o All skull bones not flat
o Vertebrae
o Hip bones
 Sesamoid
o Patella is classic
o Develops in tendon
 Accessory
o Wormian (sutural) bones
 Cuboidal
Bony Elevations
 Linear
o Line
o Ridge
o Crest
 Large
o Process
o Tuberosity
o Trochanter
o Epicondyle
 Small
o Protuberance
o Tubercle
o Spine
Bony Depressions
 Fossa
 Groove
 Sulcus
 Notch
Bony Facets
 Small projections covered with cartilage
 Prominent on vertebrae
Bony Foramen
Bony Meatus
 Opening with no direct exit
 Canal has opening on both ends
Muscle Structure
 Muscle Architecture
 Parallel-fibered- (ex. vastus lateralis m. )
 Pennate (ex. deltoid m.)
 Fan-like (ex. lastissimus dorsi m.)
Muscle Nomenclature
 Shape
o Deltoid, Rhomboid, Teres, Rectus,
Lumbrical
 Size
o Major, Minor, Latissimus, Longus,
Brevis
 Number of Heads/Bellies
o Biceps, Triceps, Quadriceps, Digastric
 Position
o Anterior, Posterior, Brachii, Femoris,
Interosseus
Muscle Nomenclature
 Depth
o Superficialis, Profundus, Externus,
Internus
 Attachments
o Sternocleidomastoid, Coracobrachialis
 Actions
o Flexor, Extensor, Adductor, Abductor
Muscle Function- Muscles pull, not push
 Concentric Muscle Function
 Agonist
 Isometric Muscle Function
 Fixaters
 Eccentric Muscle Function
 Antagonist
Superficial Fascia
Deep Fascia- tougher, thicker
(Know everything above this point, although it is
not in red. )
AXIAL SKELETON
Vertebrae- 33
Features of the Vertebrae
 Vertebral body
 Vertebral arch
 Processes
 Vertebral foramen
 Pedicles
 Vertebral canal
 Intervertebral foramina
 Lamina
 Spinous process
 Transverse Process
 Superior articular facet
 Inferior articular facet
 Costal fovea
Types of vertebrae:
Cervical vertebrae -7
Typical cervical vertebrae: C3-C7
 Transverse foramen
 Sulcus for spinal nerve
 Uncinate process
 Anterior tubercle
 Bifid spinous process
 C7 has long spinous process  landmark
Special cervical vertebrae:
 Atlas C1- carries the skull
o No body
o Odontoid fossa
o Lateral masses  articulates with
occipital condyles of skull
o Superior articular facets
 Axis C2
o Dens/ Odontoid process
o Superior articular facets
Thoracic vertebrae -12
Good rotation, poor flexion/extension
Articulate with ribs
 Superior costal facet
 Inferior costal facet
 Transverse costal facet

T1-4
o
T1 – very long, nearly horizontal
spinous process  landmark
 T12 (unique) – most commonly fractured
Lumbar vertebrae -5
Poor rotation, good flexion/extension
 Very large bodies- occupy good portion of
median plane
 Nearly horizontal, quadrangular spinous
processes
 Accessory processes
 Mammillary processes
Sacrum -5
Wedge shaped, with 5 fused vertebrae
Transmits body weight to lower limbs
Landmark- 4th sacral spine
 Anterior sacral foramina
 Posterior sacral foramina
 Tuberosities – (articular)
 Base of sacrum
 Promontory
 Alae
 Apex of sacrum
 Lateral part
 Transverse lines
 Superior articular facets
 Auricular surface
 Medial sacral crest
 Dorsal wall
 Sacroiliac joint (auricular surface)
 Sacrococcygeal joint
 Sacral cornua  landmark
 Seacral hiatus – potential site for caudal
epidural injection
 Sacrococcygeal ligament- covers sacral hiatus
 Sacral canal- (cauda equina goes through
here)
Coccyx- 4 (cuckoo)
 Cornua
Thorax:
Ribs
True 1-7- interact with sternum
False 8-12- interact with cartilage
Floating 11-12- no anterior interaction at all
 Head
 Neck
 Tubercle
 Costal Angle
 Body
 Shaft
 Costal groove
 Cranial edge
 Caudal edge
 Sternal end
Typical Rib: 3-10
 Crest on head- divides it into 2 facets
Identify special ribs:
 1-2: have unique structural marking on them
 11-12: interact with their thoracic vertebrae
Sternum
 Manubrium (“handle”) palpable jugular
notch
 Clavicular notches
 Jugular (suprasternal) notch
 Costal notches
 Corpus sterni
 Body
 Sternal angle  landmark (2nd rib, base of
aorta, T4-T5, trachea bifurcation)
 Xiphoid Process  landmark (inferior border
of heart, superior border of liver)
 Possible anomaly: sternal foramen
Cranium- 22 bones
Elements of the skull:
 Skull
 Mandible
 Cranium
 Calvaria
 Floor
 Calotte
 Splanchnocranium
 Neurocranium- 8 bones- cranial vault
 Viscerocranium- 15 bones- Facial skeleton
Possible anomalies:
Wormian bones & Inca bones
Bones of the Skull:
 Frontal
 Parietals
 Temporals
 Auditory ossicles (incus, stapes, malleus)
 Occipital
 Maxillae
 Palatines
 Vomer
 Inferior Nasal Conchae
 Ethmoid- part of neurocranium and visceral
cranium
 Lacrimals
 Nasals
 Zygomatics
 Sphenoid
 Mandible
Cranial Sutures
 Zygomaticomaxillary
 Frontonasal
 Sagittal
 Metopic
 Coronal
 Lambdoidal
 Sphenooccipital (basilar)
 Squamosal
 Parietomastoid
 Occipitomastoid
 Zygomatico-temporal
 Zygomatico-frontal
 Intermaxillary
 Transverse
 Inter-palatine
 Median palatine
Cranial Osteometric Points:
 Alveolare
 Prosthion
 Nasospinale
 Nasion
 Glabella- smooth prominence on frontal bone,
above nose
 Bregma- craniometric point formed by the
intersection of sagittal and coronal sutures
 Lambda
 Opisthocranion
 Inion
 Opistion
 Basion
 Gnathion
 Zygomaxillare
 Pterion- craniometric point on lateral aspect
of skull, thin bone overlying middle meningeal
artery
 Porion
 Gonion
Landmarks- OMM
 Zygomatic arch
 TMJ
 Mastoid process
 Ramus of mandible
 Angle of mandible
 External occipital protuberance
 Parietal eminence
 Frontal eminence
 Supraorbital ridge
Appendicular Skeleton
Girdles
 Pectoral
o Clavicle
 Shaft
 Acromial end
 Clavicular end
 Costal Impression (tuberosity)
 Subclavian sulcus
 Conoid tubercle
 Trapezoid line (oblique line)
 Superior surface
 Attachment sites for the:
o Trapezius muscle
o Deltoideus muscle
o Pectoralis major muscle
o Scapula
 Overlies ribs 2-7
 Superior (cranial) border
 Neck
 Lateral (axillary border)
 Scapular notch (or foramen)
 Coracoid process  palpable
 Subscapular fossa
 Glenoid cavity (fossa)
 Supraglenoid tubercle
 Infraglenoid tubercle
 Medial (vertebral) border 
palpable
 Scapular spine  palpable
 Acromion palpable
 Supraspinous fossa
 Intraspinous fossa
 Superior angle
 Inferior angle  palpable
 Pelvic
o Innominates:
 Ilium
 Ischium
 Pubis
o Supracristal plane (high points of iliac
crests, L4/L5 IV disc)
o Acetabulum
o Ala of Ilium
o Body of Ilium
o Acetabular fossa
o Lunate surface
o Iliac pillar (acetabulo-cristal buttress)
o Iliac (cristal) tubercle
o Iliac crest  palpable
o Gluteal lines
o Anterior gluteal lines
o Posterior gluteal lines
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Posterior superior iliac spine
(dimples, at S2 level)
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity palpable
Auricular surface
Iliac tuberosity
Preauricular sulcus
Iliac fossa
Arcuate line
Iliopubic eminence
Superior pubic ramus
Inferior pubic ramus
Pubic symphysis  palpable
Pubic tubercle  palpable
Obturator foramen
Obturator groove
Limbs
 Upper
o Humerus
 Head – articulates with glenoid
fossa
 Anatomical neck
 Surgical neck
 Lesser tubercle  palpable
 Greater tubercle  palpable
 Intertubercular sulcus
(bicipital groove)
 Shaft
 Deltoid tuberosity
 Radial sulcus
 Nutrient foramen
 Olecronon fossa
 Coronoid fossa
 Radial fossa
 Capitulum (“head”)
 Trochlea (“pulley”)
 Condyle
 Lateral epicondyle palpable
 Medial epicondyle palpable
 Medial supracondylar crest
(ridge)
 Lateral supracondylar crest
(ridge)
 Potential anomaly: septal
aperture
o Radius – interacts with humerus and
wrist
 Head palpable
 Neck
Radial tuberosity (bicipital)
Shaft
Nutrient foramen
Interosseous crest
Oblique line
Pronator teres insertion
Ulnar notch
Distal radial articular surface
Styloid process
Dorsal tubercle (Lister’s
tubercle)
Ulna – doesn’t reach bones of the wrist
 Head
 Olecranon (process)
 Trochlear (semilunar) notch
 Guiding ridge
 Ulnar (brachial) tuberosity
 Coronoid process
 Radial notch
 Shaft
 Nutrient foramen
 Interosseous crest
 Extensor carpi ulnaris groove
 Styloid process
 Radial (circumferential)
articulation
The Hand
 Carpus: (so long top part
here comes the thumb, start
at “anatomical snuff box”)
 Scaphoid
o Tubercle
 Lunate
 Triquetral
 Pisiform palpable
 Hamate
o Hamulus
(“Hook”)
 Capitate
o Head
o Base
 Trapezoid (lesser
multangular)
 Trapezium (greater
multangular)
 Metacarpus
 1st is thumb
 First-Fifth
 Head
 Base
 Phalanges (each has 3, but
thumb has 2)
 Proximal
 Intermediate










o
o



Distal
Features:
o Head
o Base
o Distal
phalangeal
tuberosity
Lower
o Femur
 Head
 Fovea capitis
 Neck
 Greater trochanter palpable
 Intertrochanteric line
 Trochanteric fossa
 Lesser trochanter
 Intertrochanteric fossa
 Gluteal (tuberosity) line
 Spiral line
 Shaft
 Linea aspera
 Nutrient foramen
 Medial supracondylar line
 Lateral supracondylar line
 Popliteal surface
 Lateral epicondyle palpable
 Lateral condyle
 Medial epicondyle  palpable
 Medial condyle
 Adductor tubercle
 Intercondylar fossa
 Patellar surface
o Patella- in quadriceps tendon
 Apex
 Lateral articular facet
 Medial articular facet
 Anterior surface
 Articular surface
o Tibia
 Tibial plateau
 Medial condyle
 Lateral condyle
 Intercondylar eminence
 Medial intercondylar tubercle
 Lateral intercondylar tubercle
 Superior fibular articular facet
 Tibial tuberosity palpable
 Shaft
 Popliteal line
 Anterior crest  palpable
 Nutrient foramen
 Interosseous crest
o
o
 Medial malleolus palpable
 Fibular notch
 Inferior fibular articular surface
 Malleolar groove
Fibula
 Head palpable
 Styloid process
 Shaft
 Proximal fibular articular surface
 Interosseous crest
 Nutrient foramen
 Lateral malleolus  palpable
 Malleolar (distal) articular surface
 Fibular (peroneal) groove
The Foot
 Tarsals:
 Cuboid
 Lateral cuneiform
 Intermediate
cuneiform
 Medial cuneiform
 Navicular
 Calcaneus
o Calcaneal
tuberosity
palpable
o Sustentaculum
tali
o Fibular
tubercle
 Talus
o Head
o Body
o Trochlea
o Neck
o Groove for
flexor hallucis
longus
o Sulcus tali
 Metatarsals
 First-fifth
o Styloid process
 Head
 Shaft
 Base
 Phalanges
 Head
 Base
 Shaft
We have not covered these yet:
Growth and architecture:
Fontanelles
Anterior
Posterior
Hyoid
Body
Greater horns
Lesser horns
Sinuses
Frontal
Maxillary
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Frontal bone
Frontal squama
Horizontal portion
Frontal bosses
Temporal lines
Zygomatic processes
Superciliary arches
Supraorbital margins
Supraorbital notches (foramina)
Meningeal grooves
Sagittal sulcus
Frontal crest
Orbital plate
Arachnoid foveae
Lacrimal fossae
Ethmoidal notch
Possible anomalies: Metopism (persistence frontal suture)
Parietals
Frontal angle
Sphenoidal angle
Occipital angle
Mastoid angle
Parietal boss
Temporal line
Superior temporal line
Inferior temporal line
Parietal striae
Arachnoid foveae
Menigeal grooves
Sagittal sulcus
Sigmoid sulcus
Possible anomaly: Parietal foramen
Temporal bone
Squama
Petrous pyramid
External auditory meatus
Zygomatic process
Suprameatal crest
Parietal notch
Mastoid process
Mastoid foramen
Mastoid notch
Occipital groove/ sulcus
Temporomandibular articular surface
Articular eminence
Mandibular (glenoid) fossae
Tympanic part
Styloid process
Stylomastoid foramen
Vaginal process
Jugular fossa
Carotid canal
Middle meningeal grooves
Internal auditory meatus
Sigmoid sulcus
Auditory Ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Squamosal (squamous) portion
External occipital protuberence
Superior nuchal lines
Inferior nuchal lines
External occipital crest (median nuchal line)
Basilar part (portion)
Lateral (condylar) parts
Condylar fossae
Condylar foramina
Occipital condyles
Hypoglossal canals
Jugular processes
Jugular notch
Cruciform eminence
Cerebral fossae
Cerebellar fossae
Internal occipital protuberance
Occipital (sagittal) sulcus
Internal occipital crest
Transverse sulcus
Groove for the medulla oblongata
Maxillae
Alveolar process
Alveoli
Zygomatic process
Infraorbital foramen
Canine fossa
Canine jugosum
Anterior nasal spine
Infraorbital sulcus (groove)
Maxillary sinus
Frontal process
Anterior lacrimal crest
Palatine process
Incisive foramen
Greater palatine groove
Palatines
Horizontal plate
Greater palatine foramen
Perpendicular plate
Conchal crest
Posterior nasal spine
Lesser palatine foramina
Pyramidal process
Conchal crest
Sutures:
Intermaxillary
Transverse Palatine
Interpalatine
Vomer
Alae
Perpendicular plate
Nasopalatine grooves
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Ethmoid
Cribiform plate
Crista galla
Perpendicular plate
Labyrinths
Lacrimals
Nasals
Nasal foramen
Zygomatics
Frontal process
Temporal process
Maxillary process
Masseteric origin
Sphenoid
Body
Optic canals
Sella turcica
Hypophyseal (pituitary) fossa
Dorsum sellae
Posterior clinoid processes
Clivus
Greater wings of the sphenoid
Superior orbital fissures
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Infratemporal crests
Orbital surfaces
Lesser wings
Pterygoid processes
Anterior clinoid processes
Mandible
Body
Mental foramen
Oblique line
Extramolar sulcus
Mylohyoid line
Submandibular fossa
Sublingual fossa
Mandibular torus (variable)
Mandibular symphysis
Mental spines
Digastric fossae
Mental eminence (protuberance)
Ramus
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular notch
Angle (gonial angle)
Masseteric tuberosity
Lingula
Coronoid process
Gonial angle
Mandibular foramen
Mylohyoid groove
Dentition
Components of teeth:
Dentin(e)
Enamel
Types of teeth:
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Deciduous (primary) dentition
Permanent (secondary) dentition