Download Gift of Fire

Ethics in Information
Technology
• Public concern about the ethical use of
information technology includes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
E-mail and Internet access monitoring
Peer-to-peer networks violation of copyright
Unsolicited e-mail
Hackers and identify theft
Plagiarism
Cookies and spyware
Book Page a
Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition
1
Ethics in Information
Technology (continued)
• The general public has not realized the critical importance of
ethics as applied to IT
• Important technical decisions
are often left to technical
experts
• General business managers must assume greater
responsibility for these decisions.
Book Page b
Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition
2
Topics to be cover
1.
2.
3.
4.
Personal data Privacy
Freedom of Speech
Internet communications
Protection of intellectual property rights
through patents, copyrights, and trade
secrets
5. Computer crime
Book Page c
Ethics in Information Technology, Second Edition
3
A Gift of Fire
Third edition
Sara Baase
Chapter 2: Privacy
Slides prepared by Cyndi Chie and Sarah Frye
Topics
1. Privacy Risks and Principles
2. The Fourth Amendment, Expectation of
Privacy, and Surveillance Technologies
3. The Business and Social Sectors
4. Government Systems
5. Protecting Privacy: technology, markets,
rights, and laws
6. Communications
2.1
Privacy Risks and
Principles
2.1.1 What is Privacy
To build in Privacy protections systems Key
Aspects of Privacy:
• Freedom from intrusion (Entry to another's property
without right or permission)
• Control of information about oneself
• Freedom from surveillance (being tracked, followed,
watched)
Privacy threats Categories
2.1.2 New Technology, New Risks
• Government and private databases
(searching data)
• Sophisticated tools for surveillance and
data analysis (smart phones send location)
Location data should be Anonymous but it stores phone ID, age
and gender info and sent to 3rd parties.
Hidden data in mobile phones. If you do not know it stores data
you do not delete it. Photos, contact list etc.
• Vulnerability (Susceptible to attack) of data
to loss, hacking, and misuse:
2.1.3 Terminology
1. Informed consent and Invisible information
gathering –
collection of personal information about someone without
the person’s knowledge (spyware, event data recorders
in cars, customer ID number in software of cursor, fingure
printing)
2. Secondary use, data mining, matching, and
profiling –
use of personal information for a purpose other than the
one it was provided for
(cont.)
• Data mining - searching and analyzing
masses of data to find patterns and develop
new information or knowledge
• Computer matching - combining and
comparing information from different
databases (using social security number, for
example, to match records)
• Computer profiling - analyzing data in
computer files to determine characteristics of
people most likely to engage in certain
behavior
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Secondary use of personal information
(SUPI)
The degree of control one should have over
its SUPI.
After informing people what info is collected
and what it does with it.
Then give control over SUPI through
Informed consent (IS)
Two forms of IS are Opt-in & Opt-out policies
Opt-out by default information will be used
Opt-in by default info will not be used
Data retention (Allow to remain in a place or
position or maintain a property or features)
Fair Information Principles or
practices for managing personal data
Fair Information Principles or practices
for managing personal data
• Laws in US, Canada, and Europ using them as
ethical practices in many situations but gives
custody when court order comes subpoena (su
pee nu).
• There is a wide variation and in interpretation
among business and privacy advocates (what
info business need and for how long)
• Difficult to determine the purpose of supplying
info: the increase of cameras used by police or
google street view, sent on tweets.
Discussion Questions
• Have you seen opt-in and opt-out
choices? Where? How were they
worded?
• Were any of them deceptive (mislead) ?
• What are some common elements of
privacy policies you have read?
2.2
The Fourth Amendment,
Expectation of Privacy,
and Surveillance
Technologies
"Big Brother is Watching You“
• George Orwell’s dystopian (A work of fiction
describing an imaginary place where life is extremely bad because of
) novel 1984, Big
brother could watch every one via “telescreens” in all homes and public places.
deprivation, oppression or terror
• Today, it does not have to watch every
move we make, because so many of
our activities leave data trials in
databases available to gov agencies.
Cont.
Databases:
• Government Accountability Office
(GAO) - monitors government's privacy
policies
• Burden of proof and "fishing
expeditions"
• Data mining and computer matching to
fight terrorism
2.2.1 The Fourth Amendment
• US constitution protects a right to privacy
from gov intrusion. (even Europe)
• It requires that the gov have probable cause
for the search and seizure (The act of taking
of a person by force).
• Federal privacy rules allow law enforcement
agencies to access medical records without a
court order.
• The USA PATRIOT Act (9/11) and National
security letters
Government databases with
personal information
2.2.2 New Technologies, Supreme Court
Decisions, and Expectations
• Non invasive but deeply revealing
searches
• Supreme Court decisions and
expectation of privacy
– Modern surveillance techniques are
redefining expectation of privacy
2.2.3 Search and Seizure of Computers and
Phones
– National Association for
Advancement of Colored People
(NACCP)
– Phones and Laptops
2.2.4 Video Surveillance and Face
recognition
• Security cameras
– Increased security
– Decreased privacy
Discussion Questions
• What data does the government have
about you?
• Who has access to the data?
• How is your data protected?
2.3
The Business and Social
Sectors
Diverse Privacy Topics
Marketing, Personalization and Consumer
Dossiers:
• Targeted marketing
– Data mining
– Paying for consumer information
– Data firms and consumer profiles
• Credit records
Diverse Privacy Topics
(cont.)
Location Tracking:
• Global Positioning Systems (GPS) computer or communication services
that know exactly where a person is at a
particular time
• Cell phones and other devices are used
for location tracking
• Pros and cons
Diverse Privacy Topics
(cont.)
Stolen and Lost Data:
• Hackers
• Physical theft (laptops, thumb-drives,
etc.)
• Requesting information under false
pretenses
• Bribery of employees who have access
Diverse Privacy Topics
(cont.)
What We Do Ourselves:
• Personal information in blogs and online
profiles
• Pictures of ourselves and our families
• File sharing and storing
• Is privacy old-fashioned?
– Young people put less value on privacy
than previous generations
– May not understand the risks
Diverse Privacy Topics
(cont.)
Public Records: Access vs. Privacy:
• Public Records - records available to general
public (bankruptcy, property, and arrest
records, salaries of government employees,
etc.)
• Identity theft can arise when public records
are accessed
• How should we control access to sensitive
public records?
2.4
The Government
Systems
Diverse Privacy Topics
(cont.)
National ID System:
• Social Security Numbers
– Too widely used
– Easy to falsify
Diverse Privacy Topics
(cont.)
National ID System (Cont.):
• A new national ID system - Pros
– would require the card
– harder to forge
– have to carry only one card
• A new national ID system - Cons
– Threat to freedom and privacy
– Increased potential for abuse
Diverse Privacy Topics
(cont.)
Children:
• The Internet
– Not able to make decisions on when to
provide information
– Vulnerable to online predators
• Parental monitoring
– Software to monitor Web usage
– Web cams to monitor children while
parents are at work
– GPS tracking via cell phones or RFID
Diverse Privacy Topics
Discussion Questions
• Is there information that you have
posted to the Web that you later
removed? Why did you remove it? Were
there consequences to posting the
information?
• Have you seen information that others
have posted about themselves that you
would not reveal about yourself?
2.5
Protecting Privacy:
technology, markets,
rights, and laws
Protecting Privacy
Technology and Markets:
• Privacy enhancing-technologies for
consumers
• Encryption
– Public-key cryptography
• Business tools and policies for
protecting data
Protecting Privacy (cont.)
Rights and laws:
• Theories
– Warren and Brandeis
– Thomson
• Transactions
• Ownership of personal data
• Regulation
– Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Protecting Privacy (cont.)
Rights and laws: Contrasting Viewpoints:
• Free Market View
– Freedom of consumers to make voluntary
agreements
– Diversity of individual tastes and values
– Response of the market to consumer
preferences
– Usefulness of contracts
– Flaws of regulatory solutions
Protecting Privacy (cont.)
Rights and laws: Contrasting Viewpoints (cont.):
• Consumer Protection View
– Uses of personal information
– Costly and disruptive results of errors in
databases
– Ease with which personal information leaks
out
– Consumers need protection from their own
lack of knowledge, judgment, or interest
Protecting Privacy (cont.)
Privacy Regulations in the European
Union (EU):
• Data Protection Directive
– More strict than U.S. regulations
– Abuses still occur
– Puts requirements on businesses
outside the EU
Protecting Privacy
Discussion Question
• How would the free-market view and the
consumer protection view differ on
errors in Credit Bureau databases?
• Who is the consumer in this situation?
2.6
Communications
Communication
Wiretapping and E-mail Protection:
• Telephone
– 1934 Communications Act prohibited interception
of messages
– 1968 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
allowed wiretapping and electronic surveillance by
law-enforcement (with court order)
• E-mail and other new communications
– Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
(ECPA) extended the 1968 wiretapping laws to
include electronic communications, restricts
government access to e-mail
Communication (cont.)
Designing Communications Systems for
Interception:
• Communications Assistance for Law
Enforcement Act of 1994 (CALEA)
– Telecommunications equipment must be
designed to ensure government can
intercept telephone calls
– Rules and requirements written by
Federal Communications Commission
(FCC)
Communication (cont.)
Secret Intelligence Gathering:
• The National Security Agency (NSA)
– Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
(FISA) established oversight rules for
the NSA
• Secret access to communications
records
Communication (cont.)
Encryption Policy:
• Government ban on export of strong
encryption software in the 1990s
(removed in 2000)
• Pretty Good Privacy (PGP)
Communication
Discussion Questions
• What types of communication exist
today that did not exist in 1968 when
wiretapping was finally approved for
law-enforcement agencies?
• What type of electronic communications
do you use on a regular basis?