Download Heterotrophic Nutrition

Heterotrophic Nutrition
Heterotrophic Nutrition
• Organisms that obtain food are heterotrophs
• Ingestion- Taking in food
• Digestion- Breaking down food
2 Types:
1. Intracellular digestion- digestion inside a
single cell (unicellular organisms)
2. Extracellular digestion- digestion within a
system (multi-cellular organisms). Ex) Inside
the stomach and small intestine
• Egestion- Removal of undigested food (solid
wastes)
Mechanical vs. Chemical
Digestion
• Mechanical Digestion- Physical breakdown
(teeth cut, tear, grind, and chew food in mouth)
– Also occurs in stomach
– provides large surface area for chemical digestion!
• Chemical Digestion a.k.a Enzymatic HydrolysisChemical breakdown with water and enzymes.
With enzymes, organic compounds like carbs,
proteins, and lipids are broken into their
USABLE NUTRIENTS!
Human Nutrition
• Nutrition- Those activities by which
organisms obtain and process nutrients
• Nutrients- Usable parts of food
• Nutrients Absorbed without digestion:
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Six Main Nutrients
Absorbed without
digestion:
 Water
 Vitamins
 Minerals
Absorbed with
digestion:
 Carbs. 
glucose
 Proteins 
amino acids
 Lipids 
glycerol & fatty acids
Roughage- Fiber, indigestible food that
contains cellulose
Ex) fruits, vegetables, whole grains
The Path of Food
Mouth
– Salivary amylase – Carbohydrate
digestion
– Mechanical & chemical digestion
Esophagus
–No digestion
–Peristalsis starts-involuntary
muscle contractions push food
down
Stomach
–Muscular
–Acidic gastric juice
–Protein digestion
–Mechanical & Chemical
The Intestines
Small intestine
– Chemical digestion
– Carbs, Proteins & Lipids
– Nutrient Absorption
– Contain villi
– Villi- Contain cappilaries, increase
surface area
Large Intestine
No digestion here
Water is reabsorbed
Accessory Organs
Food does not pass through
• Liver- makes bile to emulsify fats/lipids
• Gall Bladder- Stores bile
• Pancreas- provides the small intestine with
protease, lipase, amylase (enzymes)
• What kind of
digestion does this
organism perform?
• What substance
produced by the liver
performs
emulsification?
• Is emulsification
mechanical or
chemical digestion?
• Where does all
nutrient absorption
occur?
• Name the finger-like
projections
surrounded by
capillaries found in
the Sm. Intestine?
• Name the process
occuring here in the
esophagus.
• Does digestion occur
here?
• Which organ
produces acidic
gastric juice?
• What compound is
broken down there?
Malfunctions of the Digestive
System

Heartburn
 Gastric juice enters esophagus
 Treat with medicine

Gallstones
 Hardened Cholesterol

Ulcers
 open sores
inside of
stomach
 Treated with
antacids, diet,
surgery.

Appendicitis
 Inflammation
of Appendix.
 Can be
removed
• Constipation- Difficulty with
egestion because too much water is
reabsorbed by L.I.
• Diarrhea- Causes dehydration, not
enough water is reabsorbed by L.I.
Indicators:
Indicate the presence of a
substance in a mixture
 pH Paper/Litmus Paper:
 Indicates pH
 Blue Benedict’s Solution:
 Indicates presence of
monosaccharides (glucose)
 Color Change Blue  Orange/Red
 must heat
Lugol’s
Iodine Solution:
Indicates
polysaccharides (starch)
Color
Change Brown 
Blue/Black
Unglazed
Paper:
Indicates
Turns
lipids
translucent (clear)
Digestive System Journey
Digestive System