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㈜ 미래자원 ML Piglet nutrition: Principles, problems & solutions • Dr. S. Reinder Sijtsma • Head of Nutrition Department Aims piglet nutrition Strong, healthy animals • Prevention of diseases / mortality • Development of (digestive) organs Optimal economics • Optimal growth • High feed efficiency • Medication as low as possible In practice Lots of problems !!! • • • • • Post-weaning diarrhoea High mortality Low body weight gain Bad uniformity Etc. Why problems? Immature digestive capacity / defense mechanisms (Post-weaning) Stress Production of pancreatic enzymes (after Lindemann et al. 1989) Amylase Relative enzyme activity Lipase Trypsin Lactase 0 Age (wk) 6 Weaning stress factors Nutritional stress • Milk solid feed • No milk protection factors Immunological stress • New microbial environment Social stress • Away from sow • New pen mates Effects of weaning stress Reduction of pancreatic enzyme production Reduction of HCl production in stomach Low feed intake • • • • Low BWG Higher critical temperature Intestinal flora upset Villi atrophy Lower absorption Easier binding of E.coli Electrolyte imbalance Immune suppression • Low disease resistance Effects of weaning stress Reduction of pancreatic enzyme production Reduction of HCl production in stomach Low feed intake • • • • Low BWG Higher critical temperature Intestinal flora upset Villi atrophy Lower absorption Easier binding of E.coli Electrolyte imbalance Immune suppression • Low disease resistance Production of pancreatic enzymes (after Lindemann et al. 1989 & Owsley et al. 1986)) Amylase Relative enzyme activity Lipase Trypsin Lactase 0 Age (wk) weaning 6 Effects of weaning stress Reduction of pancreatic enzyme production Reduction of HCl production in stomach Low feed intake • • • • Low BWG Higher critical temperature Intestinal flora upset Villi atrophy Lower absorption Easier binding of E.coli Electrolyte imbalance Immune suppression • Low disease resistance Effects of weaning stress Reduction of pancreatic enzyme production Reduction of HCl production in stomach Low feed intake • • • • Low BWG Higher critical temperature Intestinal flora upset Villi atrophy Lower absorption Easier binding of E.coli Electrolyte imbalance Immune suppression • Low disease resistance Post-weaning stress: villi atrophy Healthy piglet Stressed piglet Effects of weaning stress Reduction of pancreatic enzyme production Reduction of HCl production in stomach Low feed intake • • • • Low BWG Higher critical temperature Intestinal flora upset Villi atrophy Lower absorption Easier binding of E.coli Electrolyte imbalance Immune suppression • Low disease resistance Effects of weaning stress Reduction of pancreatic enzyme production Reduction of HCl production in stomach Low feed intake • • • • Low BWG Higher critical temperature Intestinal flora upset Villi atrophy Lower absorption Easier binding of E.coli Electrolyte imbalance Immune suppression • Low disease resistance How to prevent post-weaning diarrhoea? Prevention of post-weaning diarrhoea 1 Medication = temporary solution • No treatment of the actual cause • Insufficient stimulation of immune system high risk of microbial outbreak post-medication Prevention of post-weaning diarrhoea Induction of positive energy balance Energy intake Creep feed Energy requirement Milk 0 Age (wk) Solid feed weaning 6 2 Prevention of post-weaning diarrhoea Stimulation of feed intake • • • • • Improvement of taste / flavor Specific raw materials Improvement of pellet quality Prevention of acute phase responses Improvement of gastric function 3 Prevention of post-weaning diarrhoea Stimulation of feed intake • • • • • Improvement of taste / flavor Specific raw materials Improvement of pellet quality Prevention of acute phase responses Improvement of gastric function 3 Prevention of post-weaning diarrhoea Stimulation of feed intake • • • • • Improvement of taste / flavor Specific raw materials Improvement of pellet quality Prevention of acute phase responses Improvement of gastric function 3 Stimulation of feed intake Specific raw materials • Bloodplasma Days post weaning Feed intake BWG +16% +24% + 3% + 2% 0-14 14-30 (Literature review Hendrix UTD 1997 based 28 articles) • • • • Milk products Pregelatinized cereals Fishmeal Organic acids Prevention of post-weaning diarrhoea Stimulation of feed intake • • • • • Improvement of taste / flavor Specific raw materials Improvement of pellet quality (diameter + chewability) Prevention of acute phase responses (IL1+IL6 reduce feed intake) • Improvement of gastric function 3 Prevention of post-weaning diarrhoea Stimulation of feed intake • • • • • Improvement of taste / flavor Specific raw materials Improvement of pellet quality Prevention of acute phase responses Improvement of gastric function 3 Prevention of post-weaning diarrhoea Stimulation of gastric function 1 • Reduction of buffering capacity Low minerals, moderate protein, organic acids Lower pH antimicrobial stimulation protein (predigestion) flow of smaller portions of chymus into intestine more optimal feed intake pattern Buffering capacity of organic acids Prevention of post-weaning diarrhoea Stimulation of gastric function 2 • Stimulation of lactic acid bacteria by lactose Lactic acid = antimicrobial Lactic acid bacteria stimulates immune cells Lactic acid bacteria reduce growth of other bacteria Prevention of post-weaning diarrhoea 4 Optimization performance small intestine • Highly digestible raw materials - Proteins: milk products, fishmeal, potato protein - Carbohydrates: pregelatinized starch • Addition of enzymes • Immune stimulation by glucans • Stimulation of gut wall development - Glutamin, EGF Prevention of post-weaning diarrhoea 4 Optimization performance small intestine • Highly digestible raw materials - Proteins: milk products, fishmeal, potato protein - Carbohydrates: pregelatinized starch • Addition of enzymes • Immune stimulation by glucans • Stimulation of gut wall development - Glutamin, EGF Kinetics of starch digestion 1 2 slow fast slow slow Starch Dextrins osmolarity Mono- and disaccharides Absorption osmolarity Risk of too slow digestion Risk of osmotic diarrhoea Optimization performance small intestine Pregelatinized starch (after Hendrix 1995) Tapioca Degradation of starch into dextrins Pregelatinized corn Wheat / barley Corn Time Optimization performance small intestine Pregelatinized starch (after Hendrix 1995) Tapioca Degradation of starch into dextrins Pregelatinized corn Optimum zone Wheat / barley Corn Time Prevention of post-weaning diarrhoea Optimization hind gut fermentation 5 Reduction of N-flow into hind gut Prevention of bacterial (E. coli) overgrowth Optimal levels of dietary fiber • Fermentable fiber Stimulation VFA production Reduction of pathogens • Non-fermentable fiber Optimal transit time Mechanical removal bacteria
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