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The Digestive System Objectives • Understand the major parts and functions of the digestive tract • Learn how the digestive process is regulated • Analyze how nutrients are broken down by secretions and enzymes of the digestive system • Appreciate how diseases of the digestive system can affect overall nutrition • Learn some common dietary propensities for GI problems and some remedies for digestive system pathologies Mouth Esophagus Duodenum Stomach Fig. 2-1, p. 25 Outer longitudinal muscle Inner circular muscle Myenteric plexus Muscularis externa (third layer) Serosa or adventitia (outermost layer) Submucosa (second layer) Duct from external exocrine gland Epithelial lining Submucosal plexus Lamina propria Lumen Muscularis mucosa Mucosa (innermost layer) Fig. 2-2, p. 26 esophagus Small intestine stomach Upper GI Tract Mouth Esophagus Chronic reflux disease Stomach GERD – gastro esophageal reflux disease Symptoms: Treatments: Antacids Histamine H2 receptor blockers Promotility agents Proton pump inhibitors Licorice Aloe Vera Gamma Oryzanol Fig. 2-1, p. 25 Cystic duct Right lobe of liver Right hepatic bile duct Left lobe of liver Left hepatic bile duct Common hepatic bile duct Common bile duct Pancreatic duct Gallbladder Sphincter of Oddi Pancreas Main pancreatic duct Duodenum Fig. 2-4a, p. 28 Hepatic plates Lymphatic Portal vessel vein Bile duct Central vein Bile canaliculi Hepatic artery Portal vein Hepatic cells (hepatocytes) Sinusoids Fig. 2-3, p. 27 Bile duct from liver Stomach Duodenum Hormones (insulin, glucogen) Blood Acinar cells Duct cells secrete aqueous secrete digestive NaHCO3 solution enzymes Exocrine portion of pancreas acinar and duct cells Endocrine portion of pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) The glandular portions of the pancreas are grossly eggagerated. Fig. 2-4b, p. 28 Lumen Lumen Villi Villi Central lacteal Mucosa Blood vessels Intestinal wall Nerve plexuses Submucosal Myenteric Intestinal glands Submucosa Muscularis Serosa Crypts of Lieberkühn Fig. 2-5, p. 29 Glycocalyx Microvilli brush border Glycocalyx Tight junction Desmosome Cell membrane Blood capillaries Lacteal Actin filaments Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome Cell membrane Myosin filaments Golgi’s saccule Nucleus Terminal web Enterocyte Brush border Fig. 2-6, p. 30 02CO, p. 24 Transverse colon Descending colon Ascending colon Tenia coli Haustra Ileum Sigmoid colon Cecum Appendix Rectum Anal sphincter Fig. 2-7, p. 31 S=stimulates I=inhibits O=no effect or information not available Table 2-1, p. 32 Mouth Pharynx Salivary glands Parotid Sublingual Submandibular/ submaxillary Esophagus *Main enzyme in saliva is salivary amylase, which hydrolyzes 1-4 bonds in starch Saliva containing Water Electrolytes Mucus Enzymes* Antibacterial and antiviral compounds Fig. 2-8, p. 34 -amylase Lingual lipase Mucins Water and electrolytes IgA Fundus Esophagus Greater curvature Lower esophageal sphincter Pacemaker location Cardia Rugae Pylorus Pyloric sphincter Body Duodenum Pyloric portion (or antrum) Fig. 2-9, p. 35 Lumen of gland or gastric pit Gastric epithelial mucosa Neck or mucus cells Peptic or chief cells Bicarbonate and mucus Stomach Pepsinogens Hydrochloric acid Oxyntic or and intrinsic parietal cells factor Enteroendocrine (G)cell Gastrin Fig. 2-10, p. 36 Fig. 2-11, p. 37 Esophagus No enzymatic activity Duodenum Stomach Protein Starch Pepsin Salivary amylase Polypeptides Dextrins Fig. 2-12, p. 37 Regulation of Gastric Secretion Both neurotransmitters and hormones: acetylcholine, gastrin, histamine –all receptor mediated to activate secretion Histamine and Gastrin –predominantly activate acid secretion by parietal glands Acetylcholine –activates all types of secretion in gastric glands Pepsinogen (peptic cells) Hydrochloric acid (parietal cells) Mucus (mucus cells) PHASES OF SECRETION Cephalic Gastric Intestinal INHIBITION OF SECRETION Fig. 2-13, p. 41 Fig. 2-13a, p. 41 Fig. 2-13b, p. 41 Fig. 2-14, p. 43 Lumen of small intestine Bile from liver Pancreatic lipase Triacylglycerol Enterocyte Fatty acids 2 fatty acids + 2-monoacylglycerol Phospholipid 2-monoacylglycerol or Cholesterol 3 fatty acids + Glycerol Micelle Triacylglycerol Lymphatic synthesis system lacteal Protein Cholesterol Phospholipids Chylomicron Blood capillary Fig. 2-15, p. 43 Liver Duodenum Bile Bile Bile Hepatic portal vein Gallbladder Jejunum Bile Ileum Fig. 2-16, p. 44 Fig. 2-17, p. 44 Fig. 2-17a, p. 44 Fig. 2-17b, p. 44 Fig. 2-18, p. 45 Fig. 2-19, p. 46 Table 2-2, p. 33 Esophagus Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Iron Copper Selenium Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Biotin Folate Vitamins A, D, E, and K Stomach Duodenum Jejunum Lipids Monosaccharides Amino Acids Small peptides Vitamin C Folate Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Vitamin K Magnesium Others* Water Vitamin K Biotin Ileum Large intestine Water Ethyl alcohol Copper Iodide Flouride Molybdenum Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenate Biotin Folate Vitamin B6 VitaminC Vitamins A, D, E, and K Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Iron Zinc Chromium Manganese Molybdenum Lipids Monosaccharides Amino Acids Small peptides Bile salts and acids Sodium Chloride Potassium Short-chain fatty acids Fig. 2-20, p. 47 Cell membrane Diffusion Water Small lipids Facilitated diffusion Active transport Cell membrane Cell membrane Energy (ATP) Pinocytosis Cell membrane Fig. 2-21, p. 48 Diffusion Cell membrane Water Small lipids Fig. 2-21a, p. 48 Facilitated diffusion Cell membrane Fig. 2-21b, p. 48 Active transport Cell membrane Energy (ATP) Fig. 2-21c, p. 48 Cell membrane Pinocytosis Fig. 2-21d, p. 48
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