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Figure 14.1 The human digestive system: Alimentary canal and accessory organs. (Spleen) Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.1 The human digestive system: Alimentary canal and accessory organs. Mouth (oral cavity) Tongue Esophagus Parotid gland Sublingual gland Salivary Submandibular glands gland Pharynx Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Liver Gallbladder Large intestine Small intestine • Transverse colon • Duodenum • Jejunum • Ileum • Descending colon Anus Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb • Ascending colon • Cecum • Sigmoid colon • Rectum • Appendix • Anal canal Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.2a Anatomy of the mouth (oral cavity). (a) Sagittal view of the oral cavity and pharynx. Trachea (a) Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.2a Anatomy of the mouth (oral cavity). (a) Sagittal view of the oral cavity and pharynx. Nasopharynx Hard palate Soft palate Oral cavity Uvula Lips (labia) Palatine tonsil Vestibule Lingual tonsil Oropharynx Lingual frenulum Epiglottis Tongue Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Trachea Esophagus (a) Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.2b Anatomy of the mouth (oral cavity). (b) Anterior view of the oral cavity. (b) Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.2b Anatomy of the mouth (oral cavity). (b) Anterior view of the oral cavity. Upper lip Gingivae (gums) Hard palate Soft palate Uvula Palatine tonsil Oropharynx Tongue (b) Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.3 Basic structure of the alimentary canal wall. (visceral peritoneum) Nerve Artery Vein Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Gland in mucosa Duct of gland outside alimentary canal Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.3 Basic structure of the alimentary canal wall. Visceral peritoneum Submucosal glands Mucosa Surface epithelium Lamina propria Muscle layer Submucosa Muscularis externa Longitudinal muscle layer Circular muscle layer Serosa (visceral peritoneum) Mesentery Nerve Artery Vein Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Gland in mucosa Lumen Duct of gland outside alimentary canal Lymph nodule Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.4a Anatomy of the stomach. (a) Diagram of the gross internal anatomy (frontal section). (a) Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.4a Anatomy of the stomach. (a) Diagram of the gross internal anatomy (frontal section). Cardioesophageal sphincter Esophagus Fundus Muscularis externa Longitudinal layer Circular layer Oblique layer Pylorus Serosa Body Lesser curvature Rugae of mucosa Greater curvature Duodenum (a) Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Pyloric sphincter (valve) Pyloric antrum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.4c Anatomy of the stomach. (c) Enlarged view of gastric pits and glands (longitudinal section). (c) Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.4c Anatomy of the stomach. (c) Enlarged view of gastric pits and glands (longitudinal section). Gastric pits Surface epithelium Pyloric sphincter Mucous neck cells Parietal cells Gastric glands Chief cells (c) Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.7a Structural modifications of the small intestine. (a) Small intestine. Blood vessels serving small intestine (a) Small intestine Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.7a Structural modifications of the small intestine. (a) Small intestine. Blood vessels serving small intestine Muscle layers Large circular folds (plicae circulares) Villi (a) Small intestine Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.7b Structural modifications of the small intestine. (b) Villi. Vein Artery Submucosa Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb (b) Villi Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.7b Structural modifications of the small intestine. (b) Villi. One villus Lacteal Blood capillaries Vein Artery Submucosa Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb (b) Villi Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.8 The large intestine. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.8 The large intestine. Left colic (splenic) flexure Transverse mesocolon Right colic (hepatic) flexure Transverse colon Descending colon Haustra Ascending colon IIeum (cut) Cut edge of mesentery Teniae coli IIeocecal valve Sigmoid colon Cecum Appendix Rectum Anal canal Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb External anal sphincter Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.11 Schematic summary of gastrointestinal tract activities. Food Pharynx • Chewing (mouth) • Churning (stomach) • Segmentation (small intestine) Chemical digestion Esophagus • Swallowing (oropharynx) • Peristalsis (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) Stomach Lymph vessel Small intestine Large intestine Blood vessel Mainly H2O Feces Anus Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Figure 14.11 Schematic summary of gastrointestinal tract activities. Food Ingestion Mechanical digestion • Chewing (mouth) • Churning (stomach) • Segmentation (small intestine) Chemical digestion Pharynx Esophagus Propulsion • Swallowing (oropharynx) • Peristalsis (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) Stomach Absorption Lymph vessel Small intestine Large intestine Blood vessel Mainly H2O Feces Defecation Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9e by Elaine N. Marieb Anus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
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