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‫استراتژیهای تغذیه ای در کاهش فشار خون‬
‫دکتر عبدالرضا نوروزی‬
‫متخصص تغذیه و فلوشیپ بیماریهای متابولیک‬
‫استادیار دانشکده پزشکی مشهد‬
Major Underlying Factors causing Death - Worldwide
Raised Blood Pressure
7 million
Tobacco
High cholesterol
Underweight
Unsafe sex
Low fruit &
vegetables intake
High BMI
Developed region
Physical inactivity
Developing region
Alcohol
Unsafe water, sani & hygiene
0
www.worldactiononsalt.com
1
2
3
4
Millions of Deaths
5
6
7
Ezzati et al. Lancet 2002:360:1347-60.
‫عوامل موثر در ایجاد بیماریهای قلبی عروقی‬
‫عوامل تغییر نا پذیر‪:‬‬
‫• جنسیت‬
‫• سن‬
‫• نژاد‬
‫عوامل تغییر پذیر‪:‬‬
‫• رژیم غذایی‬
‫• سیگار کشیدن‬
‫• فعالیت بدنی‬
‫• چاقی‬
‫• فشار خون‬
‫• افزایش چربیهای خون‬
‫عوامل موثر در افزایش فشار خون‬
‫• مصرف نمک سدیم‬
‫• کاهش مصرف میوهجات و سبزیجات‬
‫• افزایش وزن‬
‫• عدم یا نا کافی بودن فعالیت بدنی‬
‫• (مصرف زیاده از حد الکل)‬
‫عوامل موثر تغذیه ای درکاهش فشار خون‬
•
•
•
•
•
•
Weight loss
Reduced sodium intake
Increased potassium intake
Moderation of alcohol intake
DASH style dietary pattern
Supplementations
AT HIGHEST LEVELS OF RISK...
Weight loss
• Direct association
• 45% of Iranian adults are overweight/obese¹
• 5 kg weight loss is associated with a 5/4
mmHg reduction in BP²
• Modest weight loss is more effective in BP in
pre-hypertensive patients
¹Tehran Glucose & Lipid Study, 2003
Mashad Metabolic Synd Study, 2008
²Neter JE, Hypertension 2003
www.worldactiononsalt.com
Salt
Until 5000 yrs ago 0.1 grams of salt per day
Now 10 to 12 grams per day
Why this big increase?
(a)
Magical property of preserving food
(b)
Cleans up tainted and/or unpalatable food
Deep freeze refrigerator
Therefore now no need
But still eating 10 to 12 gram per day courtesy of the food industry
Processed
Fast
80% (9.6 grams) of salt hidden in food
Restaurant
Only 15% (1.8 grams) added by consumer
www.worldactiononsalt.com
Canteen
Salt, diet & health. 1998, Camb Uni Press
Double-Blind study of modest salt reduction (n=19)
Randomised
double-blind crossover
Usual Salt
4 wks
Supine SBP
(mmHg)
168
166
164
162
160
158
156
154
152
Reduced Salt
4 wks
P=0.001
Mean fall = 9.5 mmHg
P=0.004
Mean fall =
P=0.001
Mean fall = 4.5 g/day of salt
92
91
Supine DBP
(mmHg)
90
89
5.3 mmHg
88
87
86
175
Urinary
Sodium
(mmol/24h)
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
Lancet. 1982;1:351-355
Reduced salt intake
• A reduction of 1.8g/d lowered BP by 2.0/1.0
(nml) mmHg and 5.0/3.0 in hypertensive ¹
• Relative risk reduction of high BP (20%)
• More effective in Asians, Blacks and elderly
• Recommendations: 4g in general population,
less in blacks
¹He FJ, Hypertension, 2006
Predicted effect on Stroke and Heart Attack Deaths
(BP fall from Meta-analysis)
•
Reducing salt by 1 gram / day would reduce
 strokes by 5%
 heart attacks by 3%
•
Reducing salt by 6 gram / day would reduce
 strokes by 24%
 heart attacks by 18%
•
Reducing salt by 9 gram / day would reduce
 strokes by 34%
 heart attacks by 25%
Hypertension 2003;42:1093-99
Benefits of Reducing Population Salt Intake
Salt 4.6 g/d ↓
Hypertension prevalence 30% ↓
Forrester etal. J Human Hypertens 2005: 19: 55-60.
‫خالصه‬
Salt intake (10 – 12 g/day)
• Population BP, rise in BP with age, hypertension
• Other effects e.g. stomach cancer, stroke, LVH, kidney disease,
osteoporosis etc
Reduce salt intake
• from 10 - 12 g/day to 5 - 6g/day
‫ از غذاهای مختلف‬100 ‫میزان نمک در‬
Cheese & Tomato Pizza1.25g
Processed Cheese
6g
Meat role
7g
Sausages
1.25g
Smoked Fish
7g
Crisps
3g
Savoury Biscuits
3g
www.worldactiononsalt.com
White bread
Digestive
Cornflakes
Tomato Ketchup
Brown Sauce
1.25g
1.25g
2.5g
2.5g
2.2g
Japan
1960
Government campaign to reduce salt intake
Overall:
13.5 → 12.1 g/day (1.4 g/day ↓ )
Akita (North): 18 → 14 g/day (4 g/day ↓ )
BP 
80%  in stroke mortality
At this time Japan rapidly Westernised
e.g. saturated fat, smoking,  weight,  exercise
Sasaki N. The salt factor in apoplexy and hypertension: epidemiological studies in Japan. In: Yamori Y, editor.
Prophylactic Approach to Hypertensive Diseases. New York: Raven Press; 1979. p. 467-74.
Finland
Salt intake
(g/day)
Diastolic BP
(mmHg)
Stroke mortality
(1/100000)
Men
Men
Women
Women
Year
Year
Year
Karppanen & Mervaala. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2006;49:59-75.
Potassium
•
•
•
•
•
•
High K⁺ is associated with lower BP
Effective in normotensive and hypertensives
2 g/d is associated with 5.0/2.5 mmHg¹
K⁺ supplementation?
Safe dose: 5 g/d
Concerns in renal failure
¹Geleinjse JM, J Hum Hypertens, 2003
‫میزان پتاسیم در ‪ 100‬گرم‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫موز‬
‫سبوس جو‬
‫گوجه فرنگی‬
‫خیار‬
‫هلو‬
‫کاهو‬
‫پیاز‬
‫توت فرنگی‬
‫سیر‬
‫‪401 mg‬‬
‫‪532 mg‬‬
‫‪200 mg‬‬
‫‪145 mg‬‬
‫‪150 mg‬‬
‫‪190 mg‬‬
‫‪140mg‬‬
‫‪150mg‬‬
‫‪450mg‬‬
Alcohol intake
• Direct dos-dependent relationship
• French pardox
DASH diet
• Dietary Approach for Stopping Hypertension
• Includes:
– Fruits
– Vegetables
– Low foods esp dairy
– Nuts
– Fish
– poultry
• Reduces BP by 5.5/3.0 mmHg
DASH-Sodium Trial (All participants N=412)
Salt intake (g/day)
134
Systolic BP
(mmHg)
4
130
128
126
86
122
Urinary
Sodium
(mmol/24h)
6
132
124
Diastolic BP
(mmHg)
8
Control Diet
DASH Diet
84
82
80
Control Diet
78
200
DASH Diet
150
100
50
www.worldactiononsalt.com
0
Sacks et al. NEJM 2001; 344:3-10.
‫مکملهای امگا ‪3‬‬
‫• در افراد با مشکل فشار خون موثر است‪.‬‬
‫• مشکل‪:‬معموال در دوزهای باالی ‪ 3‬گرم در روز موثر‬
‫است‪.‬‬
‫• متوسط کاهش فشار سیستولی ‪ 5‬میلیمتر جیوه است‪.‬‬
‫کلسیم‪ ،‬فسفات و منیزیم‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫شواهد هنوز قطعی نیست‪.‬‬
‫شاید در دوزهای کلسیم المنتال باالی ‪ 2000‬میلی گرم با‬
‫‪ 400‬واحد ویتامین د موثر باشد‪.‬‬
‫بیشتر بر اساس ‪ women’s health study‬در آمریکا‬
‫بوده است‪.‬‬
‫اثر منیزیم هنوز قطعی نیست‪.‬‬
‫نتیجه گیری‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫تغذیه و عادات غذایی نقش مهی در پیشگیری و درمان‬
‫فشار خون دارد‪.‬‬
‫برنامه های تغذیه ای فشار خون باید از دوران کودکی‬
‫اعمال شود‪.‬‬
‫با ترکیب یک رژیم غذایی کم نمک‪ ،‬پر پتاسیم‪ ،‬کم چرب‪،‬‬
‫حداقل ‪ 5‬وعده میوه و سبزی می توان فشار خون باالی‬
‫سیستولی را بطور متوسط ‪ 25‬میلی متر جیوه پایین آورد‪.‬‬
‫این میزان با کاهش وزن در افراد چاق ‪ 10‬میلی متر جیوه‬
‫بیشتر پایین آورده می شود‪.‬‬
AT HIGHER LEVELS OF RISK...
• Advice and assistance
• Specific interventions:
» weight reduction class
» exercise referral
» smoking cessation
clinic
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