Download Some Helminth Parasites of Chipmunks, Eutamias spp. (Sciuridae

Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash.
55(1), 1988, pp. 74-76
Some Helminth Parasites of Chipmunks, Eutamias spp. (Sciuridae)
in Southern Nevada
I. H. ARCHIE, B. B. BABERO, AND H. N. DWYER
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154
ABSTRACT: One hundred seventy-five chipmunks, Eutamias panamintinus and E. palmeri, collected from 4
counties in southern Nevada were necropsied for helminth parasites. Four species of worms were recovered
including 1 of Acanthocephala, Monilifonnis moniliformis, and 3 of Nematoda, Syphacia eutamii, Heteroxynema
cucullatum, and Pterygodermatites coloradensis. A discussion of each of these parasites is presented.
KEY WORDS: Moniliformis moniliformis, Syphacia eutamii, Heteroxynema cucullatum, Pterygodermatites
coloradensis, survey, pathogenicity, Eutamias panamintinus, Eutamias palmeri, chipmunks, helminths, Nematoda, Acanthocephala.
Nevada is one of the few states in which extensive parasitological studies of vertebrates have
not been undertaken, although it is recognized
that certain lower animals may play an important role in the transmission of certain parasitic
diseases to man. The present investigation is
concerned with a helminthological survey of 2
species of chipmunks of the genus Eutamias. Hall
(1946) and Blair et al. (1957) list 6 species of the
genus as occurring in Nevada—E. palmeri, E.
quadrivittatus, E. dorsalis, E. panamintinus, E.
amoenus, and E. speciosus. However, according
to Dr. W. G. Bradley, Mammalogist, of this Department only the first 4 of these species are found
in the southern part of the state. Two species, E.
palmeri and E. panamintinus, were included in
this survey.
thocephala and 3 of Nematoda. A discussion of
each of these parasites is presented.
Acanthocephala
Moniliformis moniliformis (Ward, 1917)
Of the 175 chipmunks necropsied, 5 animals
were infected with this species; the range of infection being from 1 to 3 specimens per host.
The parasites were located in the small intestine
wherein most had their proboscises embedded
within the intestinal mucosa. Morphological
study of specimens showed that they fit the description of the species as presented by Ward
(1917). Moniliformis moniliformis appears to infect a variety of rodent hosts (Van Cleave, 1953;
Yamaguti, 1963). Study of the life cycle of the
species was undertaken by several investigators
including Vitale (1935), Sita (1949), Coronel
Guevara (1953), and Nazarova (1959). Oshima
(1953) experimentally showed that the species
could develop in the roach, Blattella americanus.
Several other investigators found Periplaneta
americana to be the 1st intermediate host for the
parasite (Von Ihering, 1902; Seurat, 1912; Southwell, 1922; Bacigalupo, 1927). Yamaguti (1963)
stated toads, frogs, and lizards may serve as paratenic hosts for helminths. Beck (1959) reported
an infection in humans.
In the present study, lesions due to the attachment of the parasite's proboscis to the intestinal
wall were evident. Moore (1946) reported fatal
peritonitis in flying squirrels, Glaucomys volans,
due to heavy infections with M. dubius. It is conceivable that M. moniliformis, likewise, could
initiate such a pathological condition. Because
of its large size, the species possibly could occlude
the intestinal lumen if present in large numbers.
The pathogenic potential of M. moniliformis is
Materials and Methods
Despite extensive trapping efforts by the writers
within areas of southern Nevada where 4 species of
chipmunks are known to occur, only 2 species of Eutamias were collected—E. panamintinus (1 animals)
and E. palmeri (168 animals). The hosts were taken
from 4 counties in southern Nevada—Nye, Esmeralda,
Lincoln, and Clark. Collections were made with Museum Specials, Victor rat traps, and Sherman live traps.
A mixture of peanut butter and oatmeal was used as
bait. Dead chipmunks were placed in plastic bags,
brought to the laboratory, sexed, and weighed prior to
necropsy. Live animals were kept in cages until sacrificed. Most animals were examined within 24 hr after
collection. Necropsies were performed in accordance
with routine parasitological procedures. Specimens have
been deposited in the U.S. National Parasite Collection, Beltsville, Maryland under USNM Helm. Coll.
Nos. 79865-79870.
Results and Discussion
Of the 175 chipmunks collected, only 4 species
of helminths were recovered including 1 of Acan74
Copyright © 2011, The Helminthological Society of Washington
75
offset by its infrequent and localized occurrence
(Parker, 1971; Welborn, 1975).
Nematoda
Genus Syphacia Seurat, 1916
Syphacia eutamii Tiner, 1948
Worms of the genus Syphacia are cosmopolitan in distribution, being found in the cecum
and large intestine of rodents throughout much
of the world. Yamaguti (1961) listed 23 species
as comprising the genus, although a number of
additional species from rodents have since been
described. Ogden (1971) redescribed and compared 11 species of Syphacia using mean-value
data, charts, and graphs, based upon mathematical computations. A review of the genus Syphacia is presented by Quentin (1971), in which
he distributed the species of the genus into 10
groups based upon morphological similarities. In
his first 3 groups, he placed some species of Syphacia parasitizing Sciuridae.
Syphacia eutamii was collected from both Eutamias panamintinus and E. palmeri living in
localities of Pahrump (Nye County) and higher
elevations of Mt. Charleston (Lincoln County)
in southern Nevada. The parasites were free
within the cecum and large intestine and no recognizable lesions could be attributable to the
nematodes. The range of intensity of infection
was 2-9 worms per host, with a mean of 5. Syphacia eutamii was described by Tiner (1948)
from the cecum and large intestine of the chipmunk, Eutamias minimus, collected in Minnesota. The species is readily recognizable since,
according to Tiner, it is the only North American
member of the genus possessing 2 rather than 3
mammelons and with a poorly chitinized gubernaculum.
Genus Heteroxynema Hall, 1916
Heteroxynema cucullatum Hall, 1916
This genus was established by Hall (1916) with
H. cucullatum as genotype, being collected in
Colorado from Eutamias amoenus amoenus.
Frandsen and Grundman (1959) later collected
the nematode from 4 species of Eutamias in Utah.
From 175 chipmunks collected, H. cucullatum
was recovered 109 times (62%), being taken from
the lumen of the cecum and large intestine. The
number of specimens collected ranged from 3 to
15 per host. Most worms were females. A morphological comparison was made between the
Nevada Heteroxynema and the original descrip-
tion as presented by Hall (1916) and the one later
given by Yamaguti (1961). The Nevada specimens seem to resemble closer the description of
H. cucullatum as presented by Hall, although the
females appear to be somewhat larger, ranging
in length from 5 to 12 mm in comparison to the
7.39-7.90 mm as cited by Hall. There were also
several other variations shown by the Nevada
specimens—i.e., a somewhat longer esophagus
with a smaller bulb, and a slightly different egg
size range, being 0.09-0.19 mm long by 0.03 mm
wide for H. cucullatum and 0.09-0.10 mm by
0.03-0.04 mm for the Nevada specimens. These
variations, however, were considered by the
writers to be only minor differences within the
species. Lesions associated with Heteroxynema
infections were not observed in this study.
Genus Pterygodermatites Quentin, 1969
Pterygodermatites coloradensis (Hall, 1916)
This species was collected in the Mt. Charleston area of Lincoln County from 2 chipmunks,
E. palmeri, which indicate a new host and locality record. The Nevada nematode agrees
closely with the description of P. coloradensis
described from Eutamias quadrivittatus by Hall
(1916) and Lichtenfels (1970). Two specimens
(male and female) were recovered from the Nevada chipmunks. Morphology of the cuticle of
Pterygodermatites in possessing spines and comb
plates suggests that the parasite could cause
pathological damage.
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