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金茂大厦
jin mao tower
A COMPREHENSIVE CASE
STUDY OF THE BUILDING
SYSTEM INTERGRATION OF:
Jin Mao Tower
Huangpu, Shanghai, China
Skidmore, Owings, & Merril LLP
Architect: Adrian D. Smith
Engineer: D. Stanton Korista
A Report Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the requirements of the course Arch 544:
Reasoning For Design Integration
Professor Michael Kyong-il Kim, Ph.D
Katharine Bayer. Matt Cho. Wendy Li. Mulugeta Woldgeorgis
Spring 2010 Champaign-Urbana, Illinois
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PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The intent of the comprehensive case study
is to evaluate, analyze, and understand
good building design through a study of the
construction documents and the project
manual for the Jin Mao Tower designed by
SOM in Shanghai, China. Investigations into
the specific organization of subsystems and
their function will demonstrate the architect/
engineer’s methods of reasoning and decision
making, and will also expose unexplored
design possibilities that could have been used
for better building system integration. The
investigation will give factual descriptions of
the building parts; express the plausible design
reasoning behind the building’s systems, both
teleological and functional; and propose
alternative design possibilities.
We would like to acknowledge Skidmore,
Owings, & Merril for graciously allowing us
the opportunity to study the construction
documents for the Jin Mao Tower. We would
also like to thank our professor, Dr. Michael
Kim, for enlightening us with the knowledge of
synergistic building design.
This study will be based on information from
construction documents, site visits, and
consultations with the architects and engineers
of the building.
金茂大厦
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TABLE OF CONTENTS:
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2: BUILDING CONFIGURATION AND SPACIAL ORGANIZATION...............................7
CHAPTER 3: SUPERSTRUCTURES...................................................................................................18
CHAPTER 4: SUBSTRUCTURES.......................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 5: CURTAIN WALL DESIGN...........................................................................................36
CHAPTER 6: MECHANICAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW.........................................................................43
CHAPTER 7: SPACE CONDITONING SYSTEMS............................................................................49
CHAPTER 8: ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS..............................................................................................55
CHAPTER 9: SOURCES.................................................................................................................60
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
SITE ORIENTATION
金茂大厦
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The most recognized building in China, inspired by the traditional
tiered pagoda, is the Jin Mao Tower by Skidmore, Owings, and
Merril. A skyscraper at eighty-eight stories tall, the tower rises out of
the Lujazui area of the Pudong district of Shanghai in the People’s
Republic of China at a total of 420.5 meters (fig.1.0, 1.6). Built on
290,000m2 site in a major finance and trade center for China,
the building is estimated to have cost $530 million dollars US. The
building is located on a 24,000 square meter plot of land near the
Lujiazui metro station.
Owned by the Jin Mao Group Co, LTD (formerly China Shanghai
Foreign Trade Centre Co. Ltd), the building is a multipurpose
structure with offices on the first 50 levels of the building and the
Shanghai Grand Hyatt Hotel on the following 38 levels.
Just east of the Huang Pu River, the Jin Mao Tower shares the
skyline of Pudong with the Oriental Pearl Tower, the Shanghai World
Financial Center and the Shanghai Tower. Providing not only office
space for financial and trade organizations, the Jin Mao Tower also
has a shopping mall, food court, concert hall, and parking for cars
and bicycles (fig.1.2,1.3).
5
1.0
1.2
1.3
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1.4
1.5
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Taking up an entire block, the Jin Mao complex
consists of a podium which houses J-Life, the
retail center for the complex, on the west side of
the building site. The tower, which houses office
space, several restaurants, a club, a hotel, and an
observation deck, is located on the east side of the
building site (fig. 1.4,1.5).
Head architect Adrian D, Smith from Sikdmore,
Owings, and Merril, and head engineer Stanton
Korista, also for Skidmore, Owings, and Merril, lead
the design process from 1993 until completion in
1998. Over 30 architects and engineers worked on
the project. Opening on August 28, 1998 with respect
to the lucky number eight, which was a major player
in the concept and design process, the building
construction process was on an accelerated
schedule.
1.6
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CHAPTER 2: BUILDING
CONFIGURATION & SPACE
ORGANIZATION AND THE
OVERALL SYSTEM
OCCUPANCY
CONFIGURATION
RISER DIAGRAM
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Occupancy:
The Jin Mao Tower is a multiuse space
with 123,000m square of office space,
a shopping mall, a food court, several
restaurants, conference and banquet
facilities, nightclubs, parking for 600 cars
and 7500 bikes, and a hotel. The building is
serviced by 61 elevators and 19 escalators.
With such a complex group of occupants,
the circulation and transportation of the
occupants becomes essential. Managed
by the eleavator riser system, occupants
are directed through the building by a very
selective program.
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The following page (fig. 2.0) is a section diagram of the function of each level. There is a lobby, five
different office zones, a double height mechanical level, and hotel. These all sit next to a six level podium
building.
The building’s major tenant is the five-star, 555-room Shanghai Grand Hyatt hotel which occupies floors
53 to 87. The Hyatt’s barrel-vaulted atrium starts at the 56th floor and extends upwards to the 87th. Lined
with 28 annular corridors and staircases arrayed in a spiral, it is 27 m in diameter with a clear height of
approximately 115 m. It is one of the tallest atriums in the world.
The hotel floors also feature:
53/F: The Piano Bar, a jazz club.
54/F: The hotel lobby and Grand café, served by an express elevator from the tower's ground floor.
55/F: Canton, a high-end Cantonese restaurant that takes up the entire floor.
56/F: On Fifty-Six, a collection of restaurants including The Grill, the Italian Cucina, the Japanese
Kobachi, and the Patio Lounge, which is located at the base of the atrium.
57/F: Club Oasis, a fitness club featuring the world's highest swimming pool.
85/F: Highest rooms; this is also a transfer level for the elevators going to the two floors above.
86/F: Club Jin Mao, a Shanghainese restaurant.
87/F: Cloud 9, with a split-level mezzanine called the Sky Lounge. It is chosen by some visitors as a
comfortable alternative to the observation deck above, since the lowest-priced drinks are
the same price as the admission to the deck.
LEVEL 88
LEVEL 87
LEVEL 86
LEVEL 85
LEVEL 84
LEVEL 83
LEVEL 82
LEVEL 81
LEVEL 80
LEVEL 79
LEVEL 78
LEVEL 77
LEVEL 76
LEVEL 75
LEVEL 74
LEVEL 73
LEVEL 72
LEVEL 71
LEVEL 70
LEVEL 69
LEVEL 68
LEVEL 67
LEVEL 66
LEVEL 65
LEVEL 64
LEVEL 63
LEVEL 62
LEVEL 61
LEVEL 60
LEVEL 59
LEVEL 58
LEVEL 57
LEVEL 56
LEVEL 55
LEVEL 54
LEVEL 53
LEVEL 52
LEVEL 51
LEVEL 50
LEVEL 49
LEVEL 48
LEVEL 47
LEVEL 46
LEVEL 45
LEVEL 44
LEVEL 43
LEVEL 42
LEVEL 41
LEVEL 40
LEVEL 39
LEVEL 38
LEVEL 37
LEVEL 36
LEVEL 35
LEVEL 34
LEVEL 33
LEVEL 32
LEVEL 31
LEVEL 30
LEVEL 29
LEVEL 28
LEVEL 27
LEVEL 26
LEVEL 25
LEVEL 24
LEVEL 23
LEVEL 22
LEVEL 21
LEVEL 20
LEVEL 19
LEVEL 18
LEVEL 17
LEVEL 16
LEVEL 15
LEVEL 14
LEVEL 13
LEVEL 12
LEVEL 11
LEVEL 10
LEVEL 9
LEVEL 8
LEVEL 7
LEVEL 6
LEVEL 5
LEVEL 4
LEVEL 3
LEVEL 2 MEZZ
LEVEL 2
GROUND LEVEL
B1
B2
B3
SPIRE
PENTHOUSE 4
PENTHOUSE 3
PENTHOUSE 2
PENTHOUSE 1
PARKING
LOBBY
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NORTH-SOUTH SECTION TOWER
OFFICE ZONE 1
OFFICE ZONE 2
OFFICE ZONE 3
OFFICE ZONE 4
OFFICE ZONE 5
MECH 1 & 2
HOTEL ZONE 1
HOTEL HEALTH CLUB
HOTEL RESTAURANT
HOTEL RESTAURANT
HOTEL SKY LOBBY
HOTEL SERVICE
HOTEL ZONE 2
HOTEL ZONE 3
HOTEL ZONE 4
HOTEL ZONE 5
MECH PENTHOUSE 1
OBSERVATORY LEVEL
HOTEL RESTAURANT
PRIVATE CLUB
HOTEL ZONE 7
HOTEL ZONE 6
WINDOW WASHING 2
SPIRE BASE
MECH PENTHOUSE 4
MECH PENTHOUSE 3
SPIRE
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The subsequent pages describe the elevator
service for the officie zones, the retail and hotel
levels, service and emergency access, and
the observation deck. The riser diagram for the
tower is explained in two diagrams: one for the
podium lever and a second one for the tower.
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OFFICE
OFFICE ELEVATORS
- office: P1-P3 (level 1, level 3-6)
- geared traction (1.75m/s)
- 1350kg capacity
- office: P4-P9 (level 1, level 7-17)
- office: P10-P15 (level 1, levels 18-29)
- office: P16-P21 (level 1, levels 30-40)
- office: P22-P26 (level 1, levels 41-50)
- gearless traction (3.5m/s to 6.3m/s)
- 1600kg capacity
LEVEL 50
LEVEL 41
LEVEL 30
- floor to floor time: 8.9 seconds
LEVEL 18
LEVEL 7
GROUND LEVEL
GROUND LEVEL
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jin mao tower
LEVEL 87
LEVEL 85
LEVEL 85
LEVEL 56
RETAIL/HOTEL
HOTEL ELEVATORS
- hotel: P43-P48 (level 54-85)
- hotel: P27-P32 (level 1, 2, 54)
- gearless traction (5m/s to 6.3m/s)
- 1600kg capacity
LEVEL 54
LEVEL 54
- hotel: P52-P53 (level 53-56)
- hotel: P54-P55 (level 84-87)
- geared traction (1m/s to 1.75m/s)
- 1600kg capacity
RETAIL ELEVATORS
- retail: P56-P57 (level B1, level 1, level 2m-6)
- geared traction (1.75m/s)
- 1600kg capacity
- parking: P35-P37 (level B3-B1, levels 1-2)
- gearless traction (1.75m/s)
- 1350kg capacity
- floor to floor time: 8.0 seconds
LEVEL 6
GROUND LEVEL
B1
B3
GROUND LEVEL
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LEVEL 88
LEVEL 51
SERVICES/EMERGENCY
SERVICE ELEVATORS
- hotel: S41, S42 (level B1, levels 1, 2, 2m, level 53)
- hotel: S49 (level 53-88)
- gearless traction (3.5m/s to 4m/s)
- 1600 to 2200kg capacity
LEVEL 51
- hotel (from podium): S60 (level B1, level 1-2)
- office (from podium): S62 (level B1, level 1)
- geared traction (0.5m/s to 1m/s)
- 2000 to 3000kg capacity
EMERGENCY ELEVATORS
- office: SF39, SF40 (level B3-B1, levels 1, level 3-51)
- hotel: SF50-51 (levels 51-88)
- gearless traction (3.5m/s to 4m/s)
- 1600 to 2200kg capacity
- retail: SF58-SF59 (level B1, level 1-6)
- geared traction (1.75m/s)
- 2000kg capacity
LEVEL 3
B1
B2
GROUND LEVEL
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jin mao tower
LEVEL 88
LEVEL 88
OBSERVATION DECK
OBSERVATION DECK ELEVATORS
- deck: P33-P34 (level B1 and 88)
- gearless traction (9.1m/s)
- 2500kg capacity
- total travel time: 35 seconds
B1
BASEMENT LEVEL 1
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jin mao tower
The Jin Mao complex has a
very complex elevator riser
diagram. Office zones are
serviced by 26 elevators in
five zones. There is a hotel
express shuttle elevator
bay, an observation deck
served by 2 elevators, 10
service elevators, 7 sets of
escalators servicing the
podium and10 elevators for
the hotel services.
OFFICE
HOTEL
SERVICE
PARKING
PODIUM
OBSERVATION
SHUTTLE
OVER RUN
MECH
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jin mao tower
CHAPTER 3: SUPERSTRUCTURE
CORE
MEGACOLUMN
SUPERCOLUMN
OUTRIGGER TRUSS
PIN CONNECTION
金茂大厦
jin mao tower
Adhering to the theme of eight,
which signifies good luck in
China, the structure of the tower
contains an octagonal central
reinforced concrete core, eight
perimeter megacolumns made
of concrete and steel, and eight
steel built-up supercolumns, all
resting on a 4m thick, reinforcedconcrete, pile-supported mat.
“A structure should be designed,
engineered and constructed to
interact harmoniously with the
most unpredictable of natural
environments.”
-Mark Sarkisian
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PHASE 2:
SUPERSTRUCTURE & SUBSTRUCTURE
8
MEGACOLUMNS
8
CORE
8
OUTRIGGER TRUSSES
SUPERCOLUMNS
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jin mao tower
CORE (SHEAR WALL)
The southeast coastal region of China is impacted
by typhoons and strong winds. Potential of a major
earthquake in the region was predicted to occur within the
next 50 years.
Advanced structural engineering system of wind and
earthquake engineering which could withstand typhoon
winds of up to 200 km/h (with the top swaying by a
maximum of 75 cm) and earthquakes of up to 7 on the
Richter scale.
Extensive wind and seismic engineering analyses performed
(aspect ratio between the height and transverse width of
8:1).
Chinese wind design code did not address structures taller
than 160 m 10 years ago when the Jin Mao Building was
designed.
CORE PLAN
LATERAL FORCES
base is
extended
STRUCTURAL DUALITY
COMPRESSION/
LATERAL FORCES
base is
extended
The Jin Mao was envisioned as a flexible and slender structure, thus, the building was constructed
using both steel and concrete. As a composite building, materials could be located where they most
efficiently resist loads, thus minimizing cost and materials. Reinforced concrete, with its mass, strength,
stiffness, and damping characteristics, combined with the strength, speed of construction, long-span
capabilities, and lightweight characteristics of structural steel were combined to control building
behavior and maximize structural efficiency.
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jin mao tower
CORE (SHEAR WALL)
- The southeast coastal region of China is impacted by
. Potential of a major earthin the region was predicted to occur within the
The concrete core
- Advanced structural engineering system of wind and
provides
excellent
earthquake
engineering which could withstand typhoon
winds of up to 200 km/h (with the top swaying by a
stiffness,
while
the
maximum
of 75 cm)
and earthquakes of up to 7 on the
structural steel floor
- Extensive
wind and
engineering analyses
framing
allows
usseismic
to use
performed (aspect ratio between the height and
long, column-free spans
- Chinese wind weight.
design code didThis,
not address structures
with minimal
taller than 160 m 10 years ago when the Jin Mao Building
in turn, reduces the size of
the vertical members and
the foundation, creating
a system that resists
winds and earthquakes
with the fewest possible
structural elements. The
composite approach also
enabled the engineers to
hollow out that portion of
the central core where
structural demands were
less, and to create the
tower’s centerpiece – a
650-foot-high atrium,
tallest and highest in the
world, extending up from
the 56th floor.
STEEL COLUMN
LEVEL 53
OUTRIGGER TRUSS BRACING
OUTRIGGER TRUSS TOP CHORD
LEVEL 52
FLOOR SLABS
HORIZONTAL REINFORCEMENT
VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT
LEVEL 51
OUTRIGGER TRUSS BOTTOM CHORD
OUTRIGGER TRUSS BRACING
WEB CONNECTION PLATE
EMBEDDED PLATE
CORE PLAN
LATERAL FORCES
STRUCTURAL DUALITY
LEVEL 50
LATERAL FORCES
COMPRESSION/
CORE SECTION
W-FLANGE BEAM
SHEAR STUDS
CORE WALL DETAIL
NO TIES BELOW LEVEL 50
CORE TO BEAM CONNECTION
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jin mao tower
MEGACOLUMN
The use of both steel and concrete created a
dilemma as some deformations occur during
construction due to self weight, while some occur
over time, in some cases up to 10 years or more.
Concrete and steel both deform elastically, but
concrete also creeps and shrinks over time. For a
building as tall as the Jin Mao, vertical displacement
at the top could be as much as 12 inches. More
significant is the relative movement between
neighboring vertical elements, especially the core
relative to the composite mega-columns that are
interconnected with the stiff steel outrigger trusses.
MEGACOLUMN PLAN
金茂大厦
When subjected to large
relative displacements, these
trusses
would attract forces
MEGACOLUMN
so great that they could be
ripped apart. To counteract
these forces, the engineers
introduced pins into the
trusses to allow rotation during
construction. They did not bolt
the connections until after the
structure was completely built.
After the bolts were installed,
the structure was capable of
resisting all future design loads.
In addition, pins would also fuse
and dissipate energy during
earthquakes; after an event,
friction in the joints is restored
by high-strength bolts. During
moderate earthquakes the
joint remains fixed, but during
a severe earthquake, the joints
rotate. This allows the building
to be flexible, dissipating
energy and reducing potential
damage. After the earthquake,
the Pin-Fuse Joints return to their
original positions.
MEGACOLUMN PLAN
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jin mao tower
LEVEL 27
LEVEL 26
OUTRIGGER TRUSS
TOP CHORD
LEVEL 25
LEVEL 24
MEGACOLUMN TRANSFER
OUTRIGGER TRUSS
BOTTOM CHORD
LEVEL 23
MEGACOLUMN SECTION
COLUMN TYPE A - 94 BARS
COLUMN TYPE B - 86 BARS
COLUMN TYPE C - 66 BARS
金茂大厦
jin mao tower
STEEL SUPERCOLUMN
STEEL
GravitySUPERCOLUMN
loads are resisted by
composite floor members
that frame to structural steel
- supercolumns,
The steel shafts have shear joints
act as shockcore,
thethatcentral
absorbers to cushion the lateral forces imposed by winds
and
composite megacolumns.
and
quakes.
steel
shafts
have
- The
Swimming
pool on
the 57th floor
is said toshear
act as a joints
- Gravity loads are resisted by composite floor members
that frame to structural steel supercolumns, the central
core, and composite megacolumns.
passive damper.
FLOOR MEMBERS (W-FLANGE)
MEGACOLUMNS
BEAM TO COLUMN
WEB SHEAR
CONNECTION
STEEL COLUMN
WEB OF STEEL COLUMN
STEEL BEAM
STEEL SHEAR PLATE
SLOTTED HOLES
CONNECTION
STEEL BOLTS
BEAM TO COLUMN
FLANGE SHEAR
CONNECTION
24
that act as shock absorbers to cushion the lateral forces imposed
by winds and quakes. The swimming pool on the 57th floor is said
to act as a passive damper.
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jin mao tower
LONG SLOTTED HOLES
- END CLIP
OUTRIGGER TRUSS
- Concrete core is connected to the composite megacolCORE WALL TO
OUTRIGGER TRUSS
CONNECTION DETAIL
OUTRIGGER TRUSS
Provides resistance of lateral
loads through a central
reinforced concrete shear
wall core interconnected
with composite
megacolumns. The concrete
core is connected to the
composite megacolumns on
the perimeter using outrigger
trusses. Three sets of 8 twostory high outrigger trusses
connect the columns to
the core at three levels (the
24nd–26nd, 51st–53th and
85th–87th floors).
LEVEL 85-87
OUTRIGGER TRUSS
CROSS BRACE NO
LONGER REQUIRED
PIN CONNECTION:
STEEL TO STEEL
LEVEL 51-53
LEVEL 24-26
EVERYTHING IS
TIED TOGETHER
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jin mao tower
everything is
tied together
LEVEL 85-87
OUTRIGGER TRUSS
CROSS BRACE NO
LONGER REQUIRED
LEVEL 51-53
PIN CONNECTION:
STEEL TO STEEL
LEVEL 24-26
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jin mao tower
PIN JOINTS
Pins in the trusses to allow rotation
during construction. Workers did not
bolt the connections until after the
structure was completely built. After
the bolts were installed, the structure
jin mao tower
was capable of resisting
all future
design loads.
金茂大厦
PIN JOINTS
- The use of both steel and concrete created a dilemma
as some deformations occur during construction due to
self weight, while some occur over time, in some cases up
to 10 years or more.
- Concrete and steel both deform elastically, but
concrete also creeps and shrinks over time.
- When subjected to large relative displacements, trusses
would attract forces so great that they could be ripped
apart.
- Pins in the trusses to allow rotation during construction.
Workers did not bolt the connections until after the
structure was completely built. After the bolts were
installed, the structure was capable of resisting all future
design loads.
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jin mao tower
CHAPTER 4: SUBSTRUCTURE
SLURRY WALL
MATT FOUNDATION
STEEL PILES
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jin mao tower
SLURRY WALL SYSTEM
CAP BEAM
A slurry wall is technique used tojin
build
reinforced-concrete
walls or a non-structural
mao
tower
diaphragm in areas of soft earth close to open water or with a high ground water
table. Slurry wall construction involves excavating a narrow trench that is kept full
of an engineered fluid or “slurry” at all times. The slurry exerts hydraulic pressure
against the trench walls and acts as shoring to prevent collapse.
STRUCTURAL SLAB
金茂大厦
SLURRY WALL SYSTEM
LOWER LEVEL 1
CONTINUOUS KEYWAY
- A slurry wall is technique used to build reinforced-
concrete
wallsisorthe
a non-structural
diaphragm
in areas
of used in a slurry trench. In
Bentonite
slurry
most common
excavation
fluid
soft earth
close to open
or with a high
groundreduces the slurry wall’s final soil
addition
to stabilizing
thewater
excavation,
bentonite
water table.
permeability.
CONCRETE SLAB
LOWER LEVEL 2
- Slurry wall construction involves excavating a narrow
Once
sufficient
excavation
is complete,
reinforcement
trench
that is kept
full of an engineered
fluid
or “slurry” at is lowered in and the trench
is filled
withThe
concrete.
Thehydraulic
concrete
displaces
the
bentonite slurry, which is pumped
all times.
slurry exerts
pressure
against
the
outtrench
and recycled.
walls and acts as shoring to prevent collapse.
- Bentonite slurry is the most common excavation fluid
used in a slurry trench. In addition to stabilizing the
excavation, bentonite reduces the slurry wall’s final soil
permeability.
LOWER LEVEL 3
- Once sufficient excavation is complete, reinforcement is
lowered in and the trench is filled with concrete. The
concrete displaces the bentonite slurry, which is pumped
out and recycled.
SUBSOIL DRAINAGE SYSTEM
& WATERPROOFING
- The slurry wall enables deep excavation around the site,
blocks water from entering the foundation, and serves as
an enclosure (parking, etc.) once the building is
complete.
TOWER MAT
TOP STRATA
ESTIMATED BOTTOM - 32M
MINIMUM BEARING CAPACITY
200 TONS/SQ.METER
SLURRY WALL
GUIDE WALL
SLURRY WALL PLAN
SLURRY WALL SECTION
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jin mao tower
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The slurry wall enables deep excavation around the site, blocks water from entering
the foundation, and serves as an
(parking, etc.) once the building is
jinenclosure
mao tower
complete.
SLURRY WALL: TIEBACKS
To prevent the concrete wall from collapsing into the newly open area, temporary
supports such as tiebacks are installed.
LOWER LEVEL 1
- To prevent the concrete wall from collapsing into the
newly open area, temporary supports such as tiebacks
are installed.
LOWER LEVEL 2
45 DEGREES
LOWER LEVEL 3
ANCOR TIEBACK (150 TONS)
SOFT CLAY
SOFT CLAY
STIFF CLAY
SANDY SILT
SLURRY WALL
GROUTED LENGTH (10-15m)
STRATUM
SLURRY WALL W/TIEBACKS SECTION
SLURRY WALL ELEVATION W/TIEBACKS
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jin mao tower
MAT FOUNDATION
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The mat (or raft) foundation can be considered a large footing extending over a great area, frequently an entire building. All vertical
structural loadings from columns and alls
are supported
jin mao
tower on the common foundation. Typically, the mat is utilized for conditions where a
preliminary design indicates that individual columns or footings would be undesirably close together or try to overlap. The mat is frequently
utilitzed as a method to reduce or distribute building loads in order to reduce differential settlement between adjacent areas. To function
properly, the mat structure will be more rigid and thicker than individual spread footing. A mat foundation is typically used when there are
poor and weak soil conditions.
MAT FOUNDATION
- The mat is frequently utilitzed as a method to reduce or
distribute building loads in order to reduce differential
settlement between adjacent areas.
REINFORCEMENT EAST-WEST
REINFORCEMENT NORTH-SOUTH
- To function properly, the mat structure will be more rigid
and thicker than individual spread footing.
- A mat foundation is typically used when there are poor
and weak soil conditions.
REBAR ARRANGEMENT
425MM
FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT
850MM
SPACING OF SHEAR
REINFORCEMENT
300MM
TOWER MAT
NORTH-SOUTH
REINFORCEMENT PLAN
SPACING OF FLEXURAL
REINFORCEMENT
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jin mao tower
SLAB
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PIPING
MAT FOUNDATION
COMPACTED GRANULAR FILL
- The mat (or raft) foundation can be considered a large
footing extending over a great area, frequently an entire
building.
- All vertical structural loadings from columns and alls are
supported on the common foundation. Typically, the mat
is utilized for conditions where a preliminary design
indicates that individual columns or footings would be
undesirably close together or try to overlap.
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN
GRADE BEAM STIRRUPS
PLUMBING PIPE
CONTINUOUS SLAB
BOTTOM BARS
GRADE BEAM
CONSTRUCTION JOINT
PODIUM
LOW RISE
PILE CAP
SECTION
BENTONITE
WATERPROOFING
COMPACTED GRAVEL
MAT
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
SUBGRADE
PODIUM PILE
STEEL PILE
SECTION AT
WEST RAMP
AT LL2 TO LL3
TOWER PILE
SECTION AT EDGE
OF TOWER MAT/
PODIUM
金茂大厦
jin mao tower
33
STEEL PILES
Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry and transfer the load of the structure to the
bearing ground located at some depth below ground surface. The main components of the foundation
are the pile cap and the piles. Piles are long and slender members which transfer the load to deeper soil
or rock of high bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of low bearing capacity.
The foundations rest on 1,062 high-capacity steel piles driven 83.5 m deep in the ground to compensate
for poor upper-strata soil conditions. At the time those were the longest steel piles ever used in a landbased building. The piles are capped by a 4 m-thick concrete raft 19.6 m underground. The basement’s
surrounding slurry wall is 1 m thick, 36 m high and 568 m long, and composed of 20,500 m³ of reinforced
concrete.
Pipe piles are a type of steel driven pile foundation and are a good candidate for battered piles.
Pipe piles can be driven either open end or closed end. When driven open end, soil is allowed to enter
the bottom of the pipe or tube. If an empty pipe is required, a jet of water or an auger can be used to
remove the soil inside following driving. Closed end pipe piles are constructed by covering the bottom of
the pile with a steel plate or cast steel shoe.
The amount of corrosion for a steel pipe pile can be categorized; for a pile embedded in a non
aggressive and natural soil, 0.015 mm per side per year can be assumed from the British Steel Piling
Handbook. Eurocode 3 now specifies various corrosion rates based on the nature or soil conditions and
pipe pile exposure.
Steel pipe piles can either be new steel manufactured specifically for the piling industry or reclaimed steel
tubular casing previously used for other purposes such as oil and gas exploration.
金茂大厦
金茂大厦
34
jin mao tower
jin mao tower
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
COLUMN
STEEL PILES
STEEL PIPE
PILE
- The foundations rest on 1,062 high-capacity steel piles
driven 83.5 m deep in the ground to compensate for poor
upper-strata soil conditions. At the time those were the
longest steel piles ever used in a land-based building.
PILE CAP OR
GRADE BEAM
REINFORCED
CONCRETE
HYDROSTATIC
SLAB
TYPE B
REINFORCED CONCRETE
COLUMN
PLUMBING PIPE
CONTINUOUS SLAB
BOTTOM BARS
PODIUM LOW RISE
PILE CAP SECTION
BENTONITE
WATERPROOFING
COMPACTED GRAVEL
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
SUBGRADE
STEEL PILE
SITE PLAN: PILE ARRANGEMENT
TYPE A
TYPE C
TYPE D
金茂大厦
35
jin mao tower
STEEL PILES
carry
ground located at some depth below ground surface.
- As with other types of foundations, the purpose of a pile
foundations is: to transmit a foundation load to a solid
TYPICAL PODIUM LOW RISE
PILE CUTOFF
SOFT CLAY
STIFF CLAY
SANDY SILT
TYPICAL PODIUM LOW RISE
SPLICE DETAIL
STRATUM
TYPICAL PODIUM LOW RISE
SHOE DETAIL
金茂大厦
36
jin mao tower
金茂大厦
jin mao tower
PHASE 4:
CURTAIN WALL SCHEMATIC
- The skin is a state-of-the-art curtain wall comprised of high-performance glass
and an expressed exterior mullion system composed of stainless steel, aluminum,
and granite.
- It uses new technology and building materials to create a fabric, texture, and
detailing that relate to the historic and cultural values of the context.
CHAPTER 5: CURTAIN WALL
- When designing the curtain wall, the following requirements should be
addressed:
(1) ease of installation
UNITIZED SYSTEM
(3) water diversion
PANELS
(4) energy efficiency TOWER BASE CONNECTIONS
FINS AND RODS
(5) thermal changes, and
(2) construction tolerance
(6) aesthetic value.
ARCH 544: Reasoning For Design Integration, Spring 2010
Professor Michael Kyong-il Kim, Ph.D
Katharine Bayer
Matt Cho
Wendy Li
Mulugeta Woldgeorgis
金茂大厦
jin mao tower
37
DESIGN CRITERIA
Considering water movement, thermal changes, construction tolerance, ease of installation, energy
efficiency and aesthetic value.
Water:
The system in the Jin Mao tower is designed to be airtight and waterproof. Weeps are provided at each
line of flashing to insure positive drainage. Exterior walls that enclose heated spaces are designed to
meet the criteria for condensation control. Vapor barriers are placed on the warm side of the exterior
wall. Positive drain holes are provided inside the aluminum window wall mullions and panels. All weep
holes have a baffle.
Thermal Change:
The design temperature for the tower is 21 degrees Celsius. Thermal expansion/contraction and
movement joints fulfill the exterior wall performance requirements resulting from a temperature change
between -10 degrees to 40 degrees Celsius. Sponge Neoprene Glazing Gaskets and Silicone Glazing
Gaskets allow for thermal expansion of the glazing.
Construction Tolerance:
The typical floor deflection is 20mm, while differential settlement is designed to be 8mm per 4 stories. In
order to compensate for anticipated axial shortening of the structure as it is being erected the erection of
the exterior wall commenced prior to the completion of the tower structure and prior to the application
of superimposed dead loads on a particular floor. Copings, parapets, fins, and decorative elements were
designed to withstand a 90kg concentrated load applied in any direction.
Ease of Installation:
All panels are prefabricated and assembled as a unit system.
Aesthetic Value:
An elegant skyscraper, the exterior enclosure system is covered with aluminum tubing lattice work and
fins to provide a light pollution filter.
金茂大厦
38
jin mao tower
CURTAIN WALL PANELS
金茂大厦
jin mao tower
Thermal expansion/contraction and movement joints fulfill the exterior wall
performance requirements resulting from a temperature change between -10
degrees to 40 degrees Celsius. The design temperature for the tower is 21 degrees
Celsius.
CURTAIN WALL PANELS
- Thermal expansion/contraction and movement joints fulfill the
exterior wall performance requirements resulting from a
temperature change between -10 degrees to 40 degrees
Celsius. The design temperature for the tower is 21 degrees
Celsius.
Floor - summer U = 3.12, winter U = 2.61
Storefront - summer U = 5.79, winter U = 5.68
Skylights - summer U = 3.12, winter U = 2.61
All other wall portions - U = 0.45
GLAZED GLASS
PANEL
VERTICAL WALL
PANEL
INCLINED WALL
PANEL
金茂大厦
39
jin mao tower
Unitized curtain walls involve factory fabrication, assembly of panels, and
glazing. Unlike a stick system, the unitized system is used mostly on large
projects. Completed units are hung on the building structure to form the
building enclosure. Mechanical
handling
is required to position, align and
jin mao
tower
fix the units onto pre-positioned brackets attached to the structure or
concrete floor.
Some of the advantages of this system are: ability to assembling units in
workshop with high precision, lower field installation costs as units can be
carried out in parallel with building work to shorten construction period,
and quality control within an interior climate controlled environment.
male
female
profiles
provide
good resistance to typical
- Interlocking
Unitized curtain
wallsand
involve
factory
fabrication,
assembly
of
panels,
and glazing.
Unlike aand
stickdifferential
system, the unitized
floor
deflections
of 20mm
settlement of 8mm per 4 stories.
金茂大厦
UNITIZED CURTAIN WALL
SYSTEM
system is used mostly on large projects.
- Completed units are hung on the building structure to form
the building enclosure. Mechanical handling is required to
position, align and fix the units onto pre-positioned brackets
attached to the structure or concrete floor.
VERTICAL WALL
UNIT
- Some of the advantages of this system are: ability to
assembling units in workshop with high precision, lower field
installation costs as units can be carried out in parallel with
building work to shorten construction period, and quality
control within an interior climate controlled environment.
- Interlocking male and female profiles provide good
resistance to typical floor deflections of 20mm and differential settlement of 8mm per 4 stories.
INCLINED WALL
UNIT
STONE CLAD
STRONGBACK BASE
UNIT
金茂大厦
jin mao tower
The skin is a state-of-the-art curtain wall comprised of
high-performance glass and an expressed exterior mullion
system composed of stainless steel, aluminum, and granite.
It uses new technology and building materials to create a
fabric, texture, and detailing that relate to the historic and
cultural values of the context.
When designing the curtain wall, the following requirements
should be addressed:
(1) ease of installation
(2) construction tolerance
(3) water diversion
(4) energy efficiency
(5) thermal changes, and
(6) aesthetic value.
40
金茂大厦
41
jin mao tower
TOWER BASE
金茂大厦
The system in the Jin Mao tower
designed
to be airtight and waterproof.
jinis mao
tower
Weeps are provided at each line of flashing to insure positive drainage.
Exterior walls that enclose heated spaces are designed to meet the criteria
for condensation control. Vapor barriers are placed on the warm side of the
exterior wall. Positive drain holes are provided inside the aluminum window wall
mullions
andinpanels.
Pressure-equalization
properand
drainage to achieve
- The system
the Jin Mao
tower is designed toand
be airtight
waterproof.
Weeps
are provided
at eachSponge
line of flashing
to insure
air
and water
tightness
requirements.
Neoprene
Glazing Gaskets and
positive Glazing
drainage.Gaskets
Exterior walls
that
heated
spaces
Silicone
allow
forenclose
thermal
expansion
ofare
the glazing.
TOWER BASE
designed to meet the criteria for condensation control. Vapor
barriers are placed on the warm side of the exterior wall. Positive
drain holes are provided inside the aluminum window wall
mullions and panels. Pressure-equalization and proper drainage
to achieve air and water tightness requirements. Sponge
Neoprene Glazing Gaskets and Silicone Glazing Gaskets allow
for thermal expansion of the glazing.
ALUMINUM
RODS
THERMAL
INSULATION
GRAVITY ANCHOR
LEDGE FIN
SELANT WITH BACKER
ROD
NEOPRENE
TUBING
INSULATED METAL
STRONG BACK PANEL
FLASHING
PRESSURE EQUALIZATION
CHAMBER
WEEP HOLE
WITH AIR TIGHT SEAL
STABALIZER
SUPLEMENTAL STEEL
GRAVITY/WIND COLUMN
金茂大厦
42
jin mao tower
FINS & RODS
金茂大厦
A complex latticework of cladding made of aluminum alloy pipes (i.e., a cage like system of decorative rails) is also used to remove light
jin mao tower
pollution.
FINS & RODS
Copings, parapets, fins, and decorative elements were designed to withstand a 90kg concentrated load applied in any direction.
The
heavily articulated
façade
gives
theoftower
a distinctly
ornamented
exterior that recalls the decorative carvings of a traditional
- A complex
latticework of
cladding
made
aluminum
alloy pipes
(i.e., a
Chinese
the building
steps
evoking
the profile of a traditional Chinese pagoda.
cage likestructure.
system of As
decorative
rails) isrises,
also itused
to back
remove
light pollution.
- Copings, parapets, fins, and decorative elements were designed to
withstand a 90kg concentrated load applied in any direction.
- The heavily articulated façade gives the tower a distinctly ornamented
exterior that recalls the decorative carvings of a traditional Chinese structure.
As the building rises, it steps back evoking the profile of a traditional Chinese
pagoda.
CONTINUOUS
GASKET
SELANT WITH
BACKER ROD
SUPPORT BRACING
FOR FIN
STONE
FIN
金茂大厦
43
jin mao tower
CHAPTER 6: MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
CHILLER ROOM
DISTRIBUTION
HEAT EXCHANGERS
金茂大厦
44
jin mao tower
MECHANICAL
PHASE 6: SYSTEMS
PHASE 6:
JinMECHANICAL
Mao’s mechanicalSYSTEMS
system services two distinct
MECHANICAL
SYSTEMS
Jin Mao’s
system services
two distinct
areashotels.
of the
areas
ofmechanical
the building:
offices
and
This
building: offices and hotels. This separation is necessary since
separation
necessary
since
thearebuilding itself is
the building itself is
is so
large. The systems
themselves
independent of each other and are not linked because the
soallocated
large.sizesThe
systems themselves are independent
are sufficient for each area. In addition, linking
systems other
would require
piping
systems
to become
ofthe
each
and
are
not
linkedlinked,
because the
which currently are not connected.
allocated sizes are sufficient for each area. In
addition, linking the systems would require piping
systems to become linked, which currently are not
connected.
HOTEL HOTEL
LEVEL 52
LEVEL 52
LEVEL 22
LEVEL 22
OFFICE
COOLING TOWER
OFFICE
PODIUM
PODIUM
COOLING TOWER
CHILLER ROOM
CHILLER ROOM
金茂大厦
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jin mao tower
CHILLER ROOM
- The chiller room is located beneath the podium and
houses refrigeration machines, pumps, and heat
exchangers.
- Through the process of vapor-compression refrigeration,
a circulating liquid refrigerant absorbs and removes heat
from the space to be cooled and subsequently rejects
that heat elsewhere.
RM-4,5,6 are the 1,200 ton
machines and and RM-8 is
the 400 ton machine that
supports levels 23 through 51
and the hotel.
- For each area, there are three 1,200 ton refrigeration
machines and one 400 ton machine. The capacity of the
machines were selected for the following reasons
(1) smaller size saves space
(2) maintenance is familiar with the systems
(3) replacement parts are easier to procure, and
(4) the machines are functionally flexible (one works while
the other rests).
RM-8
RM-6
RM-5
RM-4
RM-7
RM-3
RM-2
RM-1
CHILLER ROOM
RM-1,2,3 are the 1,200 ton
machines and RM-7 is the 400
ton machine that supports the
podium and office levels (up
to level 22).
金茂大厦
46
jin mao tower
jin mao tower
Pump
DISTRIBUTION:
OFFICE
Supply Fan
To HX
51/52
50
49
48
DISTRIBUTION: OFFICE
47
46
45
The office area is an All-Air Systems. All the space
44
conditioning requirement is met by the supply of
43
42
Conditioned Air to each space. The CHWS&R pipes
41
transport water from the chiller to various cooling
40
coils or supply fans and back to the chiller. Since this 39
38
is a closed loop, an expansion tank is required. The
expansion tank will then connect to domestic water 37
36
supply. The CWS&R transports from the refrigeration
35
room to the condenser and up to the cooling towers. 34
33
In this case, the pipes rise throughout the tower for
32
packaged air. This is also a closed loop which requires 31
30
an expansion tank. For the refrigerant loop which is
29
internal, a relief vent is required to release dangerous 28
27
pressure build up.
The low pressure steam which is boiled in the boiler,
26
exits and transports through the humidifier to various 25
24
processes and heating application in each level.
23
Typical Piping Axonometric
Heat Exchange
To Expansion Tank
To Expansion Tank
To Expansion Tank
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
To OAS
2
1
B1
B2
B3
To OAS
Outside Air Supply
To OAS
From Boiler
Low Pressure Condensate (CR)
Low Pressure Steam (LPS)
Pumped Condensate Return (PCD)
Relief Vent
Condensed Water Supply & Return
Chilled Water Supply & Return
Hot Water Heating Supply & Return
金茂大厦
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jin mao tower
DISTRIBUTION:
HOTEL
4/RF
To Expansion Tank
- This is the plumbing riser diagram for the hotel
levels. They use air-water systems to control all of
partially conditioned by air, typically 100% fresh air,
Heat Exchangers
To Outside Air Supply
MECHANICAL
1/RF
88
Pump
CHWS
CHWR
HWS
HWR
To Expansion Tank
85
provided by centrally supplied conditioned fresh
DISTRIBUTION:
air HOTEL
coupled with the required exhaust from wash
rooms and kitchens. A fan coil unit supports each
This is the plumbing riser diagram for the hotel levels.
They use air-water systems to control all of the hotel
- Thethat
350 chilled
water
supply systems
and return
support
levels. Buildings
use the
air-water
are
all of the mechanical levels from 52-57 and roof
partially conditioned
by air, typically 100% fresh air,
but mostly by chilled water.
This system requires ventilation, which is fully provided
by centrally supplied conditioned fresh air coupled
with the required exhaust from wash rooms and
kitchens. A fan coil unit supports each hotel room.
HOTEL
Typical Piping Axonometric
The 350 chilled water supply and return support all of
the mechanical levels from 52-57 and roof level 1-4.
250 chilled water supply and return support all of the
hotel floors.
58
57
To Packaged ACU
To Domestic Water
To Outside Air Supply
To Expansion Tank
52
Pump
Condensed Water Supply & Return (100)
Chilled Water Supply & Return (250)
(CONNECT TO OFFICE BELOW)
Heat Exchangers
Chilled Water Supply & Return (350)
金茂大厦
Heat Exchangers
13,14,15,16,16A,18,19,19A
jin mao tower
48
HEAT EXCHANGERS
HEAT EXCHANGERS
A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another.In parallel-flow heat exchangers,
the two fluids enter the exchanger at the same end, and travel in parallel to one another to the other side.
-A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat
oneuses
medium
to another.In
heat
The transfer
Jin Maofrom
coplex
two different
typesparallel-flow
of heat exchangers:
the two
enter
thethe
exchanger at the
The exchangers,
Plate and Frame
HX fluids
are used
with
same Condenser
end, and travel
in Supply
parallel(CWS).
to one another to the
Water
The other
Shell side.
and Tube HX are used with the Hot
Water Supply(HWS) and are also pressurers.
-The Jin Mao coplex uses two different types of heat
exchangers:
Heat Exchangers
13,14,15,16,16A,18,19,19A
HEAT EXCHANGERS
-The Plate and Frame HX are used with the
Condenser Water Supply (CWS).
-The Shell and Tube HX are used with the Hot
Water Supply(HWS) and are also pressurers.
HX
1
2
3, 4
5, 6
15, 16, 16A
18, 19, 19A
7, 8
9, 10
11, 12
13, 14
17, 17A
20, 21, 21A
LEVEL
LL3
LL3
LL3
LL3
L51
L51
LL3
LL3
LL3
L51
L PH 1
L51
TYPE
P&F
P&F
P&F
P&F
P&F
P&F
S&T
S&T
S&T
S&T
S&T
S&T
SERVICE
Water Side Economizer Low Rise
Water Side Economizer High Rise
Tenant CWS Low Rise
Tenant CWS High Rise
Hotel Support CHWS
Hotel Guest Room
HWS Podium
HWS Garage
HWS Tower L2-26
HWS Tower L27-50
HWS Tower L86-PH 1
HWS Hotel Guest Rooms
Level 51
Level 51
*A signifies a standby unit
PLATE AND FRAME HEAT EXCHANGER
PLATE AND FRAME HEAT EXCHANGER
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
HX3,3,4,4,5,5,6 6
HX
HX1,1,2 2
HX
PODIUM (LL3)
PODIUM (LL3)
金茂大厦
49
jin mao tower
CHAPTER 7: SPACE CONDITIONING
RISERS
ALL AIR SYSTEM
AIR-WATER SYSTEM
AHU SPECS
金茂大厦
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jin mao tower
PHASE 7:
SPACE CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
PHASE 7:
SPACE CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
AIR-WATER
(1) Independent operation and contol of the spaces if distinct characteristics (i.e., hotel
and office).
(2) Greater reliability and operational versatility (functionality).
(3) Greater constructability and maintenance (economical).
Throughout the building, space conditioning systems have been strategically distributed
and grouped into several mechanical spaces to provide optimum ambient air temperature, humidity, air movement, and supply of oxygen.
HOTEL
AIR-WATER
Jin Mao’s space conditioning system is organized based on services, which are primarily
office and hotel use. This ‘service zoning’ organization requires several different space
conditioning systems (Air Handling Units, Packaged Air Conditioning Units, and Fan Coil
Units) that provide the following:
HOTEL
OFFICE
PODIUM
PODIUM
ALL-AIR
ALL-AIR
LEVEL 51/52
LEVEL 51/52
OFFICE
金茂大厦
51
jin mao tower
OFFICE DUCT RISER
- Air is conditioned and delivered by supply fans (also
known as air handling units) as well as packaged air
conditioning units, which provide the following:
(1) Heating and cooling of ambient air.
(2) Controlled air movement (with controlled temperature
provides high level of thermal comfort).
UNIT CEILING
DIFFUSERS
SUPPLY FANS (AIR
HANDLING UNITS)
OUTSIDE AIR
SUPPLY
(3) Ventilation for environmental confort and health
(circulation of fresh outside air).
LEVEL 51/52
OUTSIDE AIR
LEVEL 41-50
CONDITIONED
AIR
LEVEL 30-40
CONDITIONED
AIR
LEVEL 23-29
LEVEL 26
CONDITIONED
AIR
LEVEL 18-22
CONDITIONED
AIR
LEVEL 7-17
CONDITIONED
AIR
LEVEL 3-6
OUTSIDE AIR
LEVEL 2/2M
(PODIUM)
金茂大厦
52
jin mao tower
HOTEL DUCT RISER
- Cool or warm air is produced by running air over
chilled/hot water through individually controlled fan
coil units, which provide the following:
FAN POWERED
TERMINAL UNIT
OUTSIDE AIR
SUPPLY
DIFFUSERS
(1) Heating and cooling of ambient air locally.
(2) Control of temperature is easy, precise, and
economical.
(3) No need for reliable humidity control.
OUTSIDE AIR
INDIVIDUALLY
CONDITIONED
AIR
OUTSIDE AIR
PENTHOUSE
INDIVIDUALLY
CONDITIONED
AIR
LEVEL 72
OUTSIDE AIR
OUTSIDE AIR
LEVEL 53/54
(HOTEL)
LEVEL 51/52
(OFFICE)
金茂大厦
OFFICE: ALL AIR SYSTEM
- Space conditioning for the office area is an all air
system, which supplies conditioned air exclusively to office
space.
- Requires extensive ductwork (supply and return), which
consumes space and is expensive (takes approximately
6” of floor height).
- Control is sometimes an issue and the system itself may
be noisy (i.e., fan room).
OFFICE: ALL AIR SYSTEM
- Space conditioning for the office area is an all air
system, which supplies conditioned air exclusively to office
VAV BOXES
53
jin mao tower
VAV BOXES
HOTEL: AIR WATER SYSTEM
DIFFUSERS
- Space conditioning for the hotel area is an air water system,
which supplies air partially conditioned by fresh air and chilled
water.
- All water systems require ventilation, which is fully provided by
centrally supplied conditioned fresh air coupled with the
required exhaust from bathrooms and kitchens.
- The system is relatively expensive to build as well as maintain
(requires
drain, making the system tedious).
HOTEL: AIR
WATERcondensation
SYSTEM
- Space conditioning for the hotel area is an air water system,
which supplies air partially conditioned by fresh air and chilled
DIFFUSERS
FAN POWERED
TERMINAL UNIT
- All water systems require ventilation, which is fully provided by
centrally supplied conditioned fresh air coupled with the
required exhaust from bathrooms and kitchens.
- Requires extensive ductwork (supply and return), which
consumes space and is expensive (takes approximately
- The system is relatively expensive to build as well as maintain
(requires condensation drain, making the system tedious).
- Control is sometimes an issue and the system itself may
be noisy (i.e., fan room).
SUPPLY AIR
DIFFUSERS
金茂大厦
jin mao tower
jin mao tower
OFFICE DUCT FLOW
HOTEL DUCT FLOW
- Air is conditioned and delivered by supply fans,
which run a continuous loop around the core.
- Air is delivered using a mixture of outside and recycled air,
which isconditioned by running the air over coils heated or
- Diffusers deliver conditioned air to the perimeter of
the building since central core is already warm.
- Secondary ductwork branches from the main
ducts and are controlled by variable terminal units.
- Air is naturally re-circulated to return ducts.
RETURN
- Fan powered terminal units allow hotel guest to individually
RETURN
DIFFUSERS
RETURN
SUPPLY
SUPPLY
DIFFUSERS
SUPPLY
RETURN
LEVEL 18-29
(OFFICE)
LEVEL 65-66
(HOTEL)
FAN POWERED
TERMINAL UNIT
金茂大厦
54
jin mao tower
AHU SPECIFICATIONS
OFFICE TOWER AHU SCHEDULE
UNIT
LS 1
OAS 1,2,3
OAS 4,5,6
S 3,4,5,6
S 7-14
S 16,17
S 18-22
S 23-29
S 30-40
S 41-50
LOCATION
L2 TOWER
L2 TOWER
L52/52
L 3-6
L 7-14
L 16-17
L 18-22
L 23-29
L 30-40
L 41-50
SERVICE
LOBBY SUPPLY AIR
OUTDOOR AIR SUPPLY L 3-26
OUTDOOR AIR SUPPLY L 27-50
SUPPLY AIR L 3-6
SUPPLY AIR L 7-14
SUPPLY AIR L 16-17
SUPPLY AIR L 18-22
SUPPLY AIR L 23-29
SUPPLY AIR L 30-40
SUPPLY AIR 41-50
CAPACITY (LPS)
4100
13480
13480
8118
8109
8109
7896
7896
7356
7356
DESIGN BASICS
DRAW-THRU UNIT SIZE 10
DRAW-THRU UNIT SIZE 30
DRAW-THRU UNIT SIZE 20
BLOW-THRU UNIT SIZE 20
BLOW-THRU UNIT SIZE 20
BLOW-THRU UNIT SIZE 20
BLOW-THRU UNIT SIZE 20
BLOW-THRU UNIT SIZE 20
BLOW-THRU UNIT SIZE 20
BLOW-THRU UNIT SIZE 20
WHEEL TYPE
AXIAL
AXIAL
AXIAL
AXIAL
AXIAL
AXIAL
AXIAL
AXIAL
AXIAL
AXIAL
LOCATION
L 52
L 52
L 52
PH 1
PH 1
L 53
L 53
L 55
L 56
L 57
LL 1
L 51/52
SERVICE
OUTDOOR AIR SUPPLY GUEST RM L 58-72
OUTDOOR AIR SUPPLY GUEST RM L 58-72
OUTDOOR AIR SUPPLY SUPPORT L 53-57
OUTDOOR AIR SUPPLY GUEST RM L 73-85
OUTDOOR AIR SUPPLY GUEST RM L 73-85
SUPPLY HOTEL SERVICES AND BAR
SUPPLY SKY LOBBY
SUPPLY RESTAURANT
SUPPLY RESTAURANT
SUPPLY HEALTH CLUB
SUPPLY LAUNDRY
SUPPLY KITCHEN L 53,54,56
CAPACITY (LPS)
13150
7780
23100
10870
9430
9080
13480
10380
10380
5660
9440
N/A
DESIGN BASICS
DRAW-THRU UNIT SIZE 30
DRAW-THRU UNIT SIZE 20
DRAW-THRU UNIT SIZE 50
DRAW-THRU UNIT SIZE 25
DRAW-THRU UNIT SIZE 20
BLOW-THRU UNIT SIZE 20
BLOW-THRU UNIT SIZE 30
BLOW-THRU UNIT SIZE 25
BLOW-THRU UNIT SIZE 25
BLOW-THRU UNIT SIZE 15
DRAW-THRU UNIT SIZE 20
TRANE
WHEEL TYPE
AF
MIXED FLOW
MIXED FLOW
MIXED FLOW
MIXED FLOW
MIXED FLOW
MIXED FLOW
MIXED FLOW
MIXED FLOW
MIXED FLOW
MIXED FLOW
CENTRIFUGAL
HOTEL AHU SCHEDULE
UNIT
OAS 7
OAS 8
OAS 9
OAS 10
OAS 11
S 53
S 54
S 55
S 56
S 57
LRS 1
KS1-2
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CHAPTER 7: ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
POWER RISERS
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PHASE 8: ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Bus duct system:
Bus duct is an enclosed metal unit containing copper or aluminum busbars for
distribution of large amounts of power between components of the distribution system. Bus duct is used for the effective and efficient supply of electricity
in mostly industrial locations. Copper or aluminum is used for the conductor
of bus duct that can be insulated and enclosed completely for protection
against mechanical damage and dust accumulation. A bus duct system is
an effective method of distributing power to Jin Mao switchgear and various
Four sets of 35 KV/6.3 KV transformers with a capacity of 48,000 KVA handle two separate
incoming power lines from the city grid, which provide enough power for daily operation
(two of the four are for emergency substitution). In addition, there are three efficient
1,600-KW diesel-fueled generators for emergency supply. Office section lighting
(20VA/squ m) and power (30VA/squ m) provide illumination above 450-500 LUX and
meet VDT international standard.
loads.
LOWER LEVEL POWER SUPPLY
& TRANSFORMATION
T7B
T4A
T5A
T4B
T6A
T5B
T6B
transformers
35 kV
TM2B
6.3 kV
TM2A
main power supply
TM1B
TM1A
power
supplied up
to 51/52
mechanical
room
switchgears
T1A
LOWER LEVEL 2
T2A
substations
T3A
T3B
T1B
T2B
LEVEL 51/52
power
supplied up
to lower
level 1
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POWER RISER: LOWER LEVELS (LEVELS B3 TO 7)
(continued to level 9)
EMERGENCY
BUS (100A)
MECHANICAL FEEDER
BUS (225A)
BUS (225A)
LEVEL 8
GROUND
4000 amp lighting
receptacle plug-in
busway
B2EDL3
elevator
controls
B2EDL2
MCC
concert hall
lighting
B2EDL3
LEVEL 1
B1EP1
LEVEL B1
to transformer
B2EDL1
B2D
to transformer
B2C
B2B
B2A
LEVEL B2
B3C
LEVEL B3
emergency
lighting
distrtribution
panel on B2
3000 amp lighting
receptacle plug-in
busway
switchgears
B3B
B3A
emergency
power
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POWER RISER: OFFICE (LEVELS 8 TO 51)
substations
(continued to level 52)
EMERGENCY
EM1
EM2
EM3
BUS (100A)
MECHANICAL FEEDER
BUS (200A)
2B
1A
3B
BUS (225A)
1B
2A
3A
LEVEL 51
LEVEL 50
GROUND
LEVEL 40
switch in direction
at level 34
LEVEL 34
LEVEL 30
4000 amp lighting
receptacle plug-in
busway
LEVEL 20
3000 amp lighting
receptacle plug-in
busway
LEVEL 10
LEVEL 8
to B2B & B2E
(continued to level 7)
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POWER RISER: HOTEL (LEVELS 51 TO ROOF)
EMERGENCY
elevator
controls
ELEVATOR
BUS
ELEVATOR
BUS
HVAC BUS (100/50A)
BUS (225A)
LEVEL 86
GROUND
4000 amp lighting
receptacle plug-in
busway
LEVEL 80
LEVEL 70
LEVEL 60
LEVEL 52
EM1
EM2
EM3
2B
1A
3B
LEVEL 51
(continued to level 50)
1B
2A
3A
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SOURCES
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STANDARDS
AAMA 501.1 “Standard Test Methods for Metal Curtain
Walls or Water Pressure Using Dynamic Pressure.”
AAMA 501.2 “Field Check For Metal Curtain Walls For
Water Leakage.”
AAMA 501.3 “Field of Water Penetration Through Installed
Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Door by Uniform Air
Pressure Difference.”
ASTM E283 “Test Method of Air Leakage Through Exterior
Windows, Curtain Walls and Doors.”
ASTM E330 “Test Method for Structural Performance of
Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls and Doors by Uniform
Static Air Pressure Difference.”
ASTM E783 “Field Measurement of Air Leakage Through
Installed Exterior Windows and Doors.”
ASTM E90 “Method For Laboratory measurement of
Airborne-Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions.”
SOURCES
Chapter 8: Principles of Enclosure Systems. Dr. Michael
Kim. March 2010.
Chapter 12: Curtain Wall Systems. Dr. Michael Kim.
March 2010.
SOURCES
Consultation w/ Dr. Michael Kim, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, March 2010.
Korista et al., 1998 Korista, D.S., Sarkisian, M.P., Abdelrazaq,
A.K., 1998. Design and construction of China's tallest
building: the Jin Mao Tower, Shanghai. In: Proceedings of
the Fifth International Conference on Tall Buildings, Hong
Kong, vol. 1, pp. 139–144.
Zhang and Shi, 2000 G.L. Zhang and L.W. Shi, The Jin Mao
Building: Decision, Design and Construction, China
Architecture and Building Press, China (2000).
Consultation w/ Dr. Michael Kim & Mr. Jeff Kansler,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010.
SOURCES
Image: Shell & Tube Heat Exchange.
http://www.secshellandtube.com/images/st-pic2x400index.jpg
Image: Plate & Frame Heat Excahange.
http://wcrbenelux.nl/site/images/stories/WCR/Information
_PHE_top.gif
Chapter 20: Principles of Mechanical Systems. Dr. Michael
Kim. March 2010.
Chapter 21: Mechanical System I: Heating & Refrigeration
Subsystem. Dr. Michael Kim. March 2010.
SOURCES
Chapter 21: Mechanical System I: Heating & Refrigeration
Subsystem. Dr. Michael Kim. March 2010.
Chapter 22: Mechanical System II: Space Conditioning
Subsystem. Dr. Michael Kim. March 2010.
SOURCES
Chapter 23: Principles of Electrical Systems. Dr. Michael
Kim. April 2010.
Chapter 24: Electrical System Integration. Dr. Michael
Kim. April 2010.
Consultation w/ Dr. Michael Kim, University of Illinois at