Download • Undue suspiciousness • Belief in mal

6/8/2016
Paranoia 101
Paranoia 201:
Understanding the Nature of
Excessive Suspiciousness
David J. LaPorte, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Clinical Psychology Doctoral Program
Author
Paranoia Word Count Comer (Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology)
650
Butcher, Hooley & Mineka
653
Barlow & Durand (Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach)
1,714
Oltmanns & Emery
2,066
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Delusional Disorder Persecutory Type
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Follie á
Deux
Delirium
Mis‐
Identification Disorders (Capgras
Syndrome)
Depression
Nolen‐Hoeskema
987
Whitbourne & Halgin
464
Barlow & Durand (Essentials of Abnormal Psychology)
1,626
Comer (Abnormal Psychology)
858
Sue, Sue, Sue & Sue (The Essentials of Understanding Abnormal Behavior)
187
Kring, Johnson, Davison, Neale
120 Kearney & Trull
180
Sue, Sue, Sue & Sue (Understanding Abnormal Beheavior)
291
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Bipolar Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Social Anxiety Disorder
Substance Use (Amphetamines, cocaine, bath salts, designer drugs)
Delusional Disorder Persecutory Type
Schizotypal
Personality Disorder
Dementia
Alcohol Dependence
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Clarification
• Paranoia is a broad term
– Lycanthropy
– Parasitosis
– Fregoli syndrome
– Capgras Syndrome
• Paranoia= undue, elevated suspiciousness
Paranoia: Essential Features
• Undue suspiciousness
• Belief in mal-intent of others
1
6/8/2016
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Problems with the Research
Literature
Paranoid Schizophrenia
• Under-studied
• Embedded phenomenon
Substance Use cocaine, bath salts, designer drugs)
Delusional Disorder Persecutory Type
Schizotypal
Personality Disorder
Problems with the Research
Literature
• “People are spying on me”
• “People are following me”
• 10%
Social Anxiety Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
(Amphetamines, Dementia
Alcohol Dependence
Epidemiology
Mis‐
Identification Disorders (Capgras
Syndrome)
Depression
Bipolar Disorder
• Under-studied
• Embedded phenomenon
• Anosognosia
Follie á
Deux
Delirium
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Epidemiology
•
•
•
•
•
Community surveys:
“Are people talking behind your back”
“Do you feel someone is out to get you”
“Do you feel persecuted in some way”
20-30% admit to this
Epidemiology
• “People are trying to poison
me”
• “I am being plotted against”
• 5-10%
2
6/8/2016
Epidemiology
• NYC survey*
• 11% felt being followed or spied on
• 7% felt being poisoned or plotted
against
• 5% felt being experimented on
Epidemiology
• Patients admitted to hospital for
psychiatric problems:
• 40% experience paranoia
*Olfson et al. (2002) Am. J. Psychiatry. 159: 1412‐19
Epidemiology
•
•
•
•
Swiss study*
4-9% had paranoid thoughts
Followed for next 20 years
Numbers remained the same
*Rössler, W., Riecher‐ Rössler, A., Angst, J., Murray, R., Gamma, A., Eich, D., van Os, J., & Gross, V.A. (2007). Psychotic experiences in the general population. Schizophrenia Research, 92, 1‐14.
Epidemiology
• Medical patients >65 yo:
• 23-30% develop delirium
• Almost all develop paranoia
S.K. Inouye, “Delirium in Older Persons,” New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006).
Epidemiology
• Currently 4-6 million suffer from
dementia
• Likely double in next decade
• 35-50% of demented individuals
develop paranoia
M.M. Bassiony and C.G. Lyketsos, “Delusions and Hallucinations in Alzheimer’s Disease,” Psychosomatics 44 (2003).
Epidemiology
• Conclusions:
• Between 10-30% of non-patients experience
varying levels of paranoia
• Occurs regularly in 15-20% of general
population
• Similar rates across industrialized countries
3
6/8/2016
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Epidemiology
• Conclusions:
• Among older individuals who develop
delirium or dementia: 20-50% will become
paranoid
• Are rates of paranoia increasing?
Paranoid Personality Disorder
• mistrust or suspicion of
• bears grudges and seeks
other’s motives
revenge*
• Hostility
• constant mobilization
and on the lookout for
• Jealousy
perceived threats
• susceptibility to slights
(intended or unintended) • belief that one is being
talked about, referred to,
by others
followed, stared at, or
watched
Follie á
Deux
Delirium
Mis‐
Identification Disorders (Capgras
Syndrome)
Depression
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Bipolar Disorder
Social Anxiety Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Substance Use (Amphetamines, cocaine, bath salts, designer drugs)
Delusional Disorder Persecutory Type
Schizotypal
Personality Disorder
Dementia
Alcohol Dependence
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
• rigidity
• excessive sense of selfimportance
• feeling “wronged” by
others
• hypersensitivity
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• high levels of anger*
• Hypervigilance
• overly concerned with
“evidence”
• everything “means”
something; no chance
occurrences
Follie á
Deux
Delirium
Mis‐
Identification Disorders (Capgras
Syndrome)
Depression
Paranoid Personality Disorder
• malevolent others,
known or unknown,
who abuse, torment,
harass, threaten, wrong,
vilify, accuse disparage,
mistreat, persecute and
taunt them
• mountains out of
molehills
• an edgy, irritable,
quarrelsome, and
querulous demeanor
Bipolar Disorder
Social Anxiety Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Paranoid Schizophrenia
Substance Use Insomnia
(Amphetamines, cocaine, bath salts, designer drugs)
Delusional Disorder Persecutory Type
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal
Personality Disorder
Alcohol Dependence
Dementia
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
4
6/8/2016
Delusional Disorder
•
•
•
•
•
Delusions are non-bizarre (plausible)
Stable, logically constructed
Monomania
Logical processes and mood preserved
Delusion is central to person’s life
Delusional Disorder
Delusional Disorder
• Paranoia querulans (aka: litigious
paranoia)
• 1-3/ 100,000
• Chronic disorder
Robert Lewis Dear, Jr
• Killed 3 at Planned
Parenthood clinic
• Believed he was
targeted by federal
government for
surveillance
• FBI is trying to kill
him
• People with delusions:
–90% act on them in some way
–90% believe the delusions are
completely true
Paranoid Schizophrenia
• Bazaar paranoid delusions
• Embedded within
schizophrenia syndrome
What is going on?
• Cognitive:
– Not different from
normal
– Confirmatory bias
– Limited data
gathering
• Quick to form
conclusions
• Confidence in their
judgment
• Illusory correlations
5
6/8/2016
What is going on?
Paranoid and Violence
• Biologically:
• Dopamine
–Increase environmental salience
Authors & Date
Authors & Date
Sample
Methodology
Results
Combs et al., 2009
Individuals with Persecutory Delusions (PD) (N= 32), without PD (N= 28) and healthy participants (N=50)
Completed Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire and questions
about paranoia
Individuals with PD showed greater hostility, blame, and aggression when faced with ambiguous situations; hostility bias was associated with paranoid ideation
Douglas, Guy, & Hart (2009)
204 studies investigating the association between psychosis and violence
Meta‐analysis
Psychosis significantly associated with a 49%‐68% increase in the risk of violence
Cold et al., 2013
Patients with first‐episode psychosis,
age 18‐64 (N= 458)
Population‐based survey of first‐episode psychosis and informal interview
38% engaged in violence (minor and serious) in the past year; delusions of persecution, being spied on, and conspiracy linked with minor violence
Fazel et al., 2009
Individuals with schizophrenia and other psychoses (N= 18,423)
Systematic review of studies (N= 20) investigating associations between violence and schizophrenia and other psychoses
Schizophrenia and other psychoses are associated with violence, particularly homicide; this is highly comorbid with substance abuse
Junginger, Parks‐Levy, & McGuire (1998)
Psychiatric inpatients with delusions (N= 54)
Formal interviews about history of delusions and concurrent violence
40% inpatients reported at least one violent incident that was “probably or definitely” motivated by a concurrent delusion
Kinoshita et al., 2011
Japanese adolescents (N= 18,104)
Self‐report questionnaire
Psychotic‐like experiences associated with interpersonal violence and violence towards objects; positive correlation between number of psychotic experiences and risk of violence; “spied upon” and “voice hearing” psychotic‐like experiences highly associated with interpersonal violence
Link, Stueve, & Phelan (1998)
Israeli‐born Jewish young adults (N= 2741)
Fixed‐format self‐report questions and interviews using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia
Fighting and weapon use significantly associated with persecutory delusions and delusions of thought control/mind being dominated by outside forces
Mojtabai, 2006
Adult participants from United States (N= 38,132)
National household survey
Individuals with psychotic‐like experiences were 5.72 times more likely to attack with intent of hurting another person
Nederlof, Muris, & Hovens (2011)
Individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder NOS, or a hi ff i di d (N 124)
Informal interview and self‐report questionnaires
Perceived threat and feeling of losing control to an external force significantly related to aggressive behavior in h i i di id l
Sample
Methodology
Results
Cold et al., 2006
Community household sample in (N= 8,000)
Cross‐sectional survey
12% engaged in violence, exacerbated
alcohol and drug dependence. Risk of violence in people with severe mental
illness is low.
Bjorkly, 2001
26 studies investigating link between mental illness and violence
Literature review
Persecutory delusions increase risk of
violence, further increased when co‐
occurs with emotional distress
Darrell‐Berry, Berry, & Bucci (2016)
15 studies investigating link between paranoia and aggression
Literature Review
Positive association between paranoia
and aggression (66% significantly positively correlated)
McKetin et al., 2016
Non‐psychotic methamphetamine users (N= 164)
Administered Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale after use of methamphetamine for one year
Methamphetamine use caused positiv
psychotic and affective symptoms
Coid et al., 2016
General population surveys (n= 23,444)
Metanalysis
Paranoid ideation and psychotic disor
were associated with violence
Van Dorn, Volavka, Johnson (2011)
Adult civilian noninstitutionalized
population (N= 34,653) Two‐wave analysis of data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Individuals with serious mental illness
Schizophrenia) have higher risk of violence than those with no mental ill
Appelbaum, Robbins, & Monahan (2000)
Recently discharged patients from acute psychiatric hospitalization (N= 1,136)
Data analysis from MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study
Delusions not associated with a higher
of violence in mentally ill individuals, although they may provoke violence in
individual cases
Arseneault et al., 2000
Young adults in New Zealand in a birth cohort (N= 961)
Measured past year prevalence of mental disorders and violence using self‐reports of criminal offenses and search of conviction records
Individuals with schizophrenia‐spectru
disorder 2.5 times more likely to be violent; best explained by excessive perceptions of threat
Rossler et al., 2007
Community cohort of young adults, over 20 years (N= 591)
Longitudinal assessment of semi‐
structured interviews and examination of paranoid ideation and psychoticism
Subclinical psychosis is characterized b
schizophrenia nuclear symptoms and schizotypal signs; these individuals experience deficiencies in social functioning
Author & Date
Sample
Methodology
Results
Stueve & Link, 1997
Young adults in Israel (N= 2,678)
Self‐reports and the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview
Recent fighting and weapon use higher among those diagnosed with a psychotic or bipolar disorder
Swanson et al., 1996
Data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area survey; community household samples (N= 10,000)
Collective data analysis
Perceived threat and feeling of losing control to an external force five times more likely to engage in violent behavior than those with no mental disorder
Large, 2014
Recently released prisoners incarcerated for sexual or violent offense (N= 967)
Follow‐up surveys and interviews for approximately 40 weeks after release
Prisoners with untreated schizophrenia were four times more likely to be violent than those treated or no psychosis; persecutory delusions can partially explain this
Ulrich, Keers, & Coid (2013)
Male and female psychiatric inpatients post‐discharge
Measured delusions, affect due to delusions, and violence at baseline and in 5‐month follow‐up assessments
Delusions of being spied upon, followed, plotted against, being under control of person or force, thought insertion, and having special gifts/powers were associated with angry affect
Tamburello, Bajgier, & Reeves (2015)
Electronic medical records from the
New Jersey Department of Corrections inmates (N= 1,154)
Systematic chart review
Prevalence of delusional disorder in prison is eight times higher than that in the community
Taylor, 1998
Inmates in a high security hospital and a general psychiatric hospital
Systematic review from three studies investigating the epidemiology of violence and mental disorder
30% of delusional prisoners were violent; 58% of them were driven by their delusions
Wessley et al., 1993
Adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, paranoia, or paranoid psychosis (N= 83)
Self and observer reports
50% reported acting on least one delusion, 20% reported acting on three or more delusions; 25% of these actions were violent in nature
6
6/8/2016
Paranoia & Violence:
Conclusions
• Between 10-50% of paranoia individuals
will become violent
• Most paranoid individuals are not violent
• Paranoid individuals are more violent than
other types of mental disorders
Paranoia & Violence
• Anger as key variable
Treatment: CBT
Treatment
• No controlled studies
• Therefore, no empirically supported
treatments
• Most research on psychotic levels of
paranoia
• Targeting delusions:
• Targeting reasoning:
• Targeting worry**:
Freeman et al. An explanatory randomized controlled trial testing the effects of targeting worry in patients with persistent persecutory delusions: The Worry Intervention Trial (WIT). Efficacy Mech Eval 2015; 2(1).
Treatment: CBT
Treatment
• Targeting interpersonal sensitivity (rejection
& vulnerability:
• Mindfulness:
• Family interventions: ??
• Insomnia:
7
6/8/2016
Medications
• Most studies are done in schizophrenia
• Modest improvements in paranoid delusions
• No studies looking at non-delusional
Are Rates of Paranoia Increasing?
• General increase in severe mental
illnesses over the past 2 centuries
paranoia
Are Rates Increasing?
• Recent increases
• >50% will have a mental illness of some type R.C. Kessler, et al., “Lifetime Prevalence and Age‐of‐onset Distributions of DSM‐IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,” Archives of General Psychiatry 62 (2005).
8
6/8/2016
Are Rates Increasing?
• Urbanization
• 2.4 time higher rate of psychosis Are Rates Increasing?:
Threats to Sense of
Security/Safety and Privacy
• Computer hacks
• Electronic surveillance
Do we have evidence that
social/cultural factors in our
environment can influence
rates of mental illness?
Cannabis
• 3-fold increased risk for
development of psychosis
Semple, D.M., et al., “Cannabis as a Risk Factor for Psychosis: Systematic Review,”
9
6/8/2016
Indomethacin
Contact
Strokes
Actifed
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Cortisone
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Acute intermittent porphyria
Leukoencephalopathy
Creutzfeld‐Jakob disease
Subdural hematoma
Addison’s disease
ACTH
Levodopa
Cushing’s syndrome
Syphilis
AIDS
Lidocaine
Delirium
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Albuterol
Liver failure
DDAVP
Thallium
Alcohol intoxication
Niacin deficiency
Diphenylhydantoin
Thiamine deficiency
Alcohol withdrawal
Nitrous oxide
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
Alcohol hallucinosis
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Encephalitis lethargica
Alpha‐methyldopa
Pancreatic encephalopathy
LSD
Traumatic Brain Injury
Alzheimer’s type dementia
Amphetamines
Parathyriod disorders
Parkinson’s Disease
Malaria
Malnutrition
Trypanosomiasis
Tuberothalamic artery infarction
Anticholinergic drugs
PCP
Manganese
Tumors (pituitary; temporal lobe)
Antimalarial drugs
Thyrotoxicosis
Toxic shock syndrome
Pellagra
Marchiafava‐Bignami disease
Turner’s syndrome
Antitubercular drugs
Niacin deficiency
Marijuana
Typhus
Arsenic
Nitrous oxide
Menzel‐type ataxia
Uremia
Atropine toxicity
Bipolar Disorder
Mephentermine
Trypanosomiasis
Barabiturates
Brain tumors
Methylphenidate (Ritilin)
Tuberothalamic artery infarction
Hypoparathyroidism
Bromide intoxication
Mercury
Tumors (pituitary; temporal lobe)
Hypopituitarism
Bromocriptine
LSD
Turner’s syndrome
Hypothyroidism
Buproprion
Mescaline
Typhus
Ibuprofen
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Pentazocine
Uremia
Ideopathic basal ganglia calcification
Cerebrovascular disease
Imipramine
Cimetidine
Pernicious anemia
Tuberothalamic artery infarction
Hypoparathyroidism
Cocaine
Pick’s dementia
Tumors (pituitary; temporal lobe)
Phenylketonuria
Hepatic encephalopathy
Migraine headaches
Turner’s syndrome
Phenylpropanolamine
Herpes simplex encephalitis
Motor neuron disease
Typhus
Prednisone
Trauma
Perbitine
Trypanosomiasis
HIV infetion
Multiple sclerosis
Uremia
Procaine penicillin
Huntington’s chorea
Muscular dystrophy
Tumors (pituitary; temporal lobe)
Prophylhexedrine
Hydrocephalus
Myxedema
Turner’s syndrome
Propranolol
Hypercalcemia
Narcolepsy
Typhus
Ephedrine
Hypertensive encephalopathy
Nasal decongestants
Uremia
Epilepsy (temporal lobe origin)
Hyperthyroidism
Roussy‐Levy syndrome
Tumors (pituitary; temporal lobe)
Fahr’s Disease
Hypoglycemia
Salbutamol
Vascular dementia
Fat embolism
Metachromatic
Scleroderma
Viral encephalitis
Folate deficiency
leukodystrophy
Sleep apnea
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Hearing loss
Methyltestosterone
Spinocerebellar degeneration
Hemodialysis
Hyperthyroidism
Wilson’s Disease
47XYY syndrome
Vascular dementia
Viral encephalitis
Authors & Date
Sample
Methodology
Results
Authors & Date
Barrigón et al. (2015)
60 patient‐sibling pairs (patients with functional psychosis and a non‐psychotic sibling) in Granada and Spain
Semi‐structured interview to assess for childhood trauma and psychotic symptoms
Participants who experienced childhood trauma were 7.3 times more likely to suffer from psychosis
Krabbendam, Bak, Hanssen, & Graaf
(2004)
Kelleher et al. (2013)
Nationally representative sample of adolescents 13‐16 years old (N= 1,112)
Assessed at baseline and 3‐month and 12‐month follow‐up for childhood trauma and psychotic symptoms
Trauma was strongly predictive of psychotic experiences; dose‐response relationship between severity of bullying and risk for psychotic experiences
Shevlin, Dhrahy, & Adamson (2007)
Data from National Comorbidity Survey (using noninstitutionalized individuals between 15 and 54 years of age) (N= 5,877)
Dual‐wave analysis using data from the National Comorbidity Survey and administration of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview to assess psychosis
Morrison, Frame, & Larkin (2003)
Meta‐analysis of research and theoretical literature on association between trauma and psychosis
Spauwen et al. (2006)
Sample
Methodology
Results
General population sample age 18‐64 years (N= 4045)
Composite International Diagnostic Interview and additional interviews used to assess first onset of positive psychotic symptoms at two‐year follow‐up
Self‐reported childhood abuse significantly predicted positive psychotic symptoms associated with need for care
Catone et al. (2015)
Adults from Great Britain (N= 8,000)
Assessed potential association of bullying with development of psychosis via analysis of the British Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (2000 and 2007)
Bullying significantly associated with diagnosis of probably psychosis; bullying predicted emergence and maintenance of persecutory ideation and hallucinations
Childhood physical abuse predicted
psychosis; higher number trauma types experienced increased probability of psychotic symptoms
Freeman & Fowler (2008)
Members of the general public in the United Kingdom (N= 200)
Self‐report questionnaires
History of traumatic events significantly associated with persecutory ideation and hallucinations; severe sexual abuse in childhood associated with psychotic‐
like experiences
Three major issues addressed: causal link between psychosis and PTSD, trauma caused by psychosis, and the conceptualization of PTSD and psychosis on a spectrum of responses to trauma
Trauma has been repeatedly found to cause psychosis; both psychosis and PTSD could be part of a spectrum of responses to trauma
Evans et al. (2014)
Individuals diagnosed with psychosis (N= 29) compared to healthy control group
Face‐to‐face questionnaires administered to both groups, including the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Psychosis Screening Questionnaire, among others
High rates of childhood maltreatment found in psychosis sample; Childhood physical neglect increased the likelihood of experiencing psychotic symptoms
Adolescents age 14‐24 (N= 2524)
Self‐reports on psychological trauma and psychosis proneness; follow up interview 42 months later to assess for psychotic symptoms
Trauma was significantly associated with psychotic symptoms, particularly following trauma causing intense fear, helplessness, or horror Varese, Barkus, & Bentall (2012)
Patients with Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (N= 45) compared to healthy controls without a history of hallucinations (N=20)
Questionnaire measuring proneness to hallucinations, dissociative tendencies, and childhood trauma
Patients with hallucinations reported significantly higher levels of childhood sexual abuse; link positively mediated by dissociation, particularly in cases of sexual abuse
Matheson et al. (2012)
Studies investigating link between childhood adversity and schizophrenia,
as found in Medline, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases (N= 25)
Meta‐analysis using case‐control, cohort, and cross‐sectional studies. Studies assessed using a systematic checklist and systematic quality evaluation
Significantly increased rates of childhood adversity in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (p<0.00001)
Haahr et al. (2016)
Patients in Treatment and Intervention in Psychosis (TIPS) cohort (N= 191)
Assessed at five‐year follow‐up interview using Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey
Kraan et al. (2014)
Studies published on PsychINFO and Embase investigating the prevalence of trauma in patients at an Ultra High Risk (UHR) of developing a psychotic disorder (N= 12)
Three random‐effects meta‐analyses assessing prevalence of childhood trauma in patients UHR patients
Trauma significantly more prevalent in UHR patients compared to healthy control groups
Half of psychotic patients reported experiencing interpersonal trauma; one‐
third reported experiencing close interpersonal trauma before age 18. Significant associations between early interpersonal trauma and duration of untreated psychosis
Read, van Os, Morrison, & Ross (2005)
Studies investigating link between child abuse and schizophrenia via PsychINFO
(N= 28)
Literature review of research studies and review papers
Psychotic and Schizophrenic symptoms (i.e. hallucinations) strongly related to childhood abuse and neglect; large‐scale l
l ti
t di
t
Trauma
• Significant increases in psychosis
• Childhood trauma increases rate of
adult paranoid thoughts 2.5 times
10
6/8/2016
Post 9/11
• NY Times poll:
• October 2001: 74% of New Yorkers “very
concerned” about another terrorist attack
• 2006: 69% were
• 60% did trust the government to tell them
the truth
Drugs of abuse
Today
• Hackers + electronic surveillance + security
cameras + NSA + omnipresent cameras +
shredders
• Threats to our sense security
• Tells us it is an unsafe world
Do you find it concerning that the U.S. government is
collecting and storing your personal information like
phone records, emails, bank statements, and other
communications?*
• 82% of Americans were
“somewhat”, “very” or
“extremely” concerned
Global Strategy Group poll, May 2015
Insomnia
Cannabis Paranoia
Elderly
Sensory deficits
Trauma
Immigrants
How personally concerned are you that the government
accesses any of your personal communications,
information, or records you share with a company without
a judge’s permission?
• 83% of Americans were
“somewhat”, “very” or
“extremely” concerned
11
6/8/2016
How personally concerned are you that the
government uses information collected without a
warrant for things other than stopping terrorist
attacks
• 83% of Americans were
“somewhat”, “very” or “extremely”
concerned
How personally concerned are you that the government
performs instant wiretaps on any phone or other
telecommunications device located in the U.S.
How personally concerned are you that the government
allows private companies to use public school technology
programs to track the online activities of school children.
• 77% of Americans were “somewhat”,
“very” or “extremely” concerned
“Can People You Encounter Be Trusted?”
60
Percent Responding "Yes"
50
40
• 76% of Americans were “somewhat”,
“very” or “extremely” concerned
• 20-33% said “extremely” to each of the
above questions
30
50
20
30
10
0
1973
2013
Associated Press‐ GfK Poll, October 2013 “Can People You Encounter Be Trusted?”
45
Percent Responding "Yes"
“Can People You Encounter Be Trusted?”
40
35
35
30
30
25
25
20
Percent Responding "Yes"
45
40
40
15
20
40
31
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
Baby Boomers
GenXers
Baby Boomers
Associated Press‐ GfK Poll, October 2013 Associated Press‐ GfK Poll, October 2013 12
6/8/2016
“Can People You Encounter Be Trusted?”
45
Percent Responding "Yes"
40
•
•
•
•
35
30
25
20
40
31
15
10
Circumspect
Concerned
Guarded
Suspicious
cautious
wary
mistrustful
paranoid
19
5
0
Baby Boomers
GenXers
Millenials
Associated Press‐ GfK Poll, October 2013 13