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MAKNA TOPENG JANTUK PADA TRIKOTOMIS PEIRCE
1
1, 2, 3
Yulianti, 2Dr. Wahidin Loekman, M.Sn, 3Dr. Dade Mahzuni, M.Si
Culture Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia. Email :
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[email protected] , [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Mask is a tool for covering face with kinds of shapes and sizes. Commonly, mask is used
in a show on a theatre, drama, or dance. Mask has important roles in a stage. The
expression of the mask in a play is not only identic with a smart social critics but also
easy to understand. Based on Peirce Tracheotomy, mask has cultural meaning and
cultural value as message delivery to the audience.
KEYWORD: Jantuk, Topeng, meaning, Pierce Tracheotomy, Blantek, Betawi, Art
dancers usually neutralized that situation. They
will perform the dance formally on the stage, but
transform the dance into something funny.
Introduction
Theatre, in a stage, is one of the society
entertaining media which full of ideas, creativity,
innovation, social critics. Theatre performance is
a way to communicating messages to society.
Theatre in a rural area is a cheap education
media but easy to understand. Since, the people
of rural area are from low level economy that
makes them don‟t have good ability to read and
write.
Stage decoration has role to give description
about background story, and give a realistic
experiences to the audience. In the past, the
decoration will be changed by scrolling a roll of
painting. Nowadays, commonly the decoration
are using three dimension screen.
The theatre properties are also support the
players to express the character‟s expression.
The properties are objects or tools that used by
the actor or actress to do his or her characters.
Litche (in Yuliadi, :150) said that property is
defined as the objects for the players to put focus
on them. In relation with that function ,it doesn‟t
prove that becomes sign or element of object
signifier. The signified object is understandable
as practical and symbolic function. Property is
not only a signified object, but also represent any
potential meaning. In this paper, I was
performing “Topeng property in a show”.
Based on those factors, the show must be wellselected to create good communication,
contextually. Entertain media should be flexible
in delivering educational value persuasively,
ritual, cultural aspiration and moral value that
synchronize as each localism.
Theatre performance sustainability is supported
by the players, musicians, singer, dancer,
decorator, sound system, lighting, and property.
The players have to play the characters
contextually as the script. The players hold a big
role in delivering messages from the ideas
consisted in the show. They must play good
dialog with the other players, make the audience
sympathized by seeing their deep expression. A
well-managed music can create good climax
atmosphere of the show. The, the singers and the
Problem Formulation
According to the previous explanation, they are;
1. What are the elements of Topeng Jantuk?
146
2.
Cultural meaning and cultural value of
Topeng jantuk
This research focused on the dancers
movements, the educational value from opera,
and the function of the opera in an entertainment.
Previous Research
The second research, is the research that done by
Sirkku M. Sky Hiltunen, Ph.D. called
“Transpersonal Functions of Masks in
NohKiDo”. Accessed on July, 17 2014.
http://transpersonalstudies.org/ImagesRepository
/ijts/Downloads/Transpersonal-Functions-ofMasks-in-NohKiDo.html in his articlesaid that:
“Transpersonal functions of masks in ritual and
in drama therapy as expressed in the creative
path of NohKiDo. NohKiDo, whose main
components include the Prism of consciousness
(Personal, Transpersonal and Universal), the
Rainbow method, action meditation techniques
(masked meditation, etc) and Therapeutic Noh
Theatre is a Therapeutic system developed by the
author through the redefinition and interpretation
of a set of transpersonal concepts based on
Zeami‟s (one of the founders of Noh) original
Noh formulation for Therapeutic Noh Theatre.
The most significant concepts of Ma (heightened
energy through stillness and silence), Mushinno-kan (transpersonal projection), Ichu no kei
(projective Imagination) and Riken no ken
(Transpersonal mirroring) pertain especially to
the transpersonal functions of masks. The main
aim of a Therapeutic Noh Theatre performance is
to heighten the consciousness of its actors, as
well as the members of its audience, to a
transpersonal level. A Therapeutic Noh Theatre
performance of Born from Good Angel‟s Tears
is discussed as an example. The creative path of
NohKiDo is introduced here as lifelong journey
to the spiritual, within and without via masks, the
arts and creativity.
Topeng is used to covering and changing the
look of the player. Since many masks are not
always used to cover the players‟ faces, so that
mask can be defined easily as a cover. Such as
the mask that being hold in hand during the play,
being put on the players‟ belly, or being put
above their head. Mask has various size, such
half of the face, bigger than the players‟ face, or
bigger than human body. Research about mask
had been done before by several researchers.
Yao-kun liu, “Peking Opera and Grotowski‟s
Concept of „Poor Theater‟”. March, 2010.
Accessed on July, 17 2014 through
http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol12/iss1/
said that:
“Peking Opera and Grotowski‟s Concept of
„Poor Theatre‟” Yao-kun Liu present a
comparative study of Peking Opera and Western
theatre with special attention to Grotowski‟s
concept. Explaining Peking Opera‟s dramatic
elements (such as gesture and body movement)
and theatrical device (such as stage-setting,
customs and conventions). Liu elaborates on the
Universality and distinctions between Eastern
and Western aesthetics of drama. As an attempt
to reveal the speciality and uniqueness of Pekin
Opera, Liu employs Jerzy Grotowski‟s notion of
“Poor Theatre” in a context of constantin
Stanislavski‟s concept of emphaty. Antonin
Artaud‟s dramatic prophecy and Peter Brook‟s
notion of “deadly theatre”. Liu comes to the
conclusion that opposite to the spiritual and
individual approaches of poor theatre. Peking
Opera in its long history and contemporary
practice satisfies a social need for contract wit
culture and this Peking Opeera is both
educational and functional. Besides the purpose
of entertainment, it is an instrument to transmit
the attitudes,concepts and knowledge of Chinese
society and to instruct the audience about values
and morals derived from Chinese ethnics and
philosophy.
The third research is from Stefanus Cendra Hogi
Sopacua, Dwijayanto Gusti Parrangan, B. Yudi
Dwiandiyanta and Suyoto. Their research called
“ New Algorithms for Detection of Expression in
Mask Just For Laugh (Dagelan) from
Yogyakarta”. February 2013. Accessed on July,
17
2014
147
http://www.sersc.org/journals/IJSIP/vol6_no1/12
.pdf .
It is said that the research needs to be held an
expression introduction to the one of
Yogryakarta‟s masks, which is joking mask,
using Eigen value Method. Joking mask has
many expressions such as neutral, happy, sad and
angry. The detection process is by rreading mask
image, colour and shape, taking an important
feature from the mask expression, which is on
lips. Then knowing the mask expression by
comparing acquired Eigen value and Eigen value
from the database, so the expression can be taken
as a reference to determine the most wanted
expression. By using the process above, the
system can recognize the Yogyakarta joking
mask expression wit 70% of accuracy.
This research estimates the expression level by
using Eigen algorithm method. The database
from this method are based on shape, color, and
lips color. This research gives me the idea of
how to measure expression by seing the shape,
size, and the color of the masks.
2.
3.
The theory used
Allport stated a theory of how to measure basic
value of a culture (in Abdurrahman, 2011:35)
that; “…identity is based on theoretical value,
economic value called utility, aesthetic called
fun, and social value,…” based on that, I am
contemplating it in my research about Jantuk
mask and Blantek mask;
1. Identity, is the key of realistic subjective
of a society. Identity is shaped, processed,
and measured by its society which socially
structured. Then, identity is maintained,
modificated,even reshaped by social
relationship. Types of identity can be seen
directly in a daily life, then verified as the
sake of pre-theoretic experience and prascientific experience.
Identity is a phenomenon that emerge from
individual talks or society conversation.
Identity is always rooted in a more general
interpretation of reality. In this study, the
specific identity of Betawi art Mask
Blantek and Jantuk contained in the mask
4.
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and the mask used during the show. This is
the hallmark, symbols and legitimacy Mask
Blantek.
Utility value or usefulness, Pujianto (2013)
expressed for the benefit or value to the
human namely, that under the time, place
and the right conditions. In this case the
mask used must have a form that enabled
the audience to focus on the show that took
place and can understand a playable
character. A commonly used when
performing in the open as expected a lot of
people who can watch and get to know
their culture back. And in terms of the
usefulness of the service is expected to
provide advice and guidance to people who
are watching the show.
Aesthetic value, is an absolute requirement
that must be met in order to mask art
Blantek always in demand, preserved and
not abandoned by society supporting the
Betawi people. Beardsley (in Dharsono,
2007: 95) in Problems in the Philosophy of
Criticism that explains there are three
things that the assessment is a work of
aesthetic value; First, unity (Unity) which
Jantuk mask and mask have been arranged
in a good or in a perfect form. Second, the
complexity (complexity) is not made in a
simple but rich elements in terms of colors,
patterns, shapes, sizes making it look
unique and different from other masks.
And the third should contain elements of
seriousness (Intensity) which showed an
identity that stands out, not from the
standpoint of quality, but most importantly
contained an intensive or earnest.
Social value, an idea or a story idea raised
should contain a sense of concern for nterp,
the spirit to fight for the State, the planting
of the nature of nationalism and culture, is
one of the ways to show Blantek mask for a
relationship or social interaction between
players with the audience dynamic. In
order for this show remains popular, loved
and continue to be developed in the future
by the Betawi people.
(Something) (Something in
cognition) (interpretation process)
The second theory is used to analyze this
Jantuk mask the Tracheotomy Peirce. This
theory is used to interpret the data and
interpret the results of research in the field.
Peirce as cited by Hoed (2011: 46) the sign
is "something that represents something
else (something that Represents something
else)". This means that all the symptoms
(natural and cultural) and all are present in
our lives seen as a sign, that is something
we must give meaning. The basic principle
is interpretative sign.
Latter theory uses the color of Sulasmi
Darmaprawira theory in his book titled
Color (theory and creativity of its use) says
that the colors have symbolic meaning and
mystical meanings. In the old art symbolic
use of color and symbolism. Usually, each
color representing a broad meaning and
often for all the goods for which it stands
have a relationship with a disaster, crime or
luck.
The process follows the meaning of
Peirce's sign on the relationship between
the three points I representamen, object (O)
and Interpretan (I). Where R is the sign that
can be perceived (physical or mental)
which refers to something that is
represented by it (O). then I was part of the
process of interpreting the relationship R
with O. Peirce therefore to not only sign
but
also
interpretative
Object
Representamen Interpretan
Trichotomous analysis Peirce at Mask
Jantuk
Jantuk masks are commonly used on the
Betawi art performances must contain the
message, social criticism, meaning and
cultural value to the lives of people in the
neighborhoods. Researchers conducted a
qualitative analysis by the method of
Peirce. Then the process is obtained as
follows: Scheme mask Jantuk
(Source: Writer Documentation 2004)
R
Mask Spherical
Shape
O
human
Expression
Old, Humoris
O
R
Color
O1
Black
O2
White
I
I
I1
I2
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High concern, intelligent, idealistic,
wise, listeners and good advice giver
Decisive, firm and formal
Furthermore, from the description of the
elements that have been put forward Jantuk
Mask, described by the author as follows:
1. Shape Mask, Mask Jantuk round shape with
a wide forehead accompanied with a snub
nose and wide and only two teeth apart,
depicting a figure that has a personality that
is easily adaptable in any environment as
well as he was able to follow the norms and
rules that apply in area beneath her feet,
prudent in making decisions and not biased
to any party, and tend to be sensitive and
emotional care for the surroundings meant
when viewed something that is not in
accordance with the existing culture and
norms will make the Jantuk emotions moved
to change the state in an effort to restore
local knowledge in the community.
Sensitivities the goal Jantuk is for truth and
goodness in civic life. The shape of this
mask has a lot of good ideas to make change
for themselves and for society, seeks to
encourage people to make changes and
improvements in a subtle way. Because
Jantuk live in society where the majority is
down to the middle. This is illustrated by the
costumes she wore a black dress and gloves
were worn. Jantuk be a listener and adviser
giver to everyone who wants to find a
solution or a solution to the problems faced
by these people. Jantuk concern not only to
provide advice, but also pay attention to the
development of the problem of people who
consulted him.
2. Black element on the Mask Jantuk signifies
a firm stance in deciding cases. Never doubt
based on observations, thoughts and
previous negotiations. Jantuk always firmly
on the decisions taken and will never retreat
Plain, honest
and pure
3.
4.
150
Experienced, playful or joking
or afraid of obstacles in front of the next.
Every action taken Jantuk to make changes
to the way that formal and official as well as
a strong and well-structured with the
organization.
Elements of a white color on the mask
Jantuk exemplified a positive character to
the community. Every word and action
seeks to stimulate and motivate others to act
in the occupied environment. Jantuk ideas
and always brilliant light and simple to
understand. Jantuk white color on the mask
symbolizes purity, innocent, honest and
pure, has no desire to injure or harm others.
White on the mask also symbolizes the
supreme strength, the symbol of light, the
victory that overcomes the darkness,
because Jantuk believe that any action to
make positive changes though buffeted by
storms at any one time would still win and
succeed must always strive in earnest.
Jantuk also has a quiet soul when in the face
of trials and tribulations of his life.
Expression Jantuk laughing with dots in the
shape of cheekbones show people who love
joking. Rhyme-rhyme Jantuk always
brought laughter to others. Jantuk humorous
character makes others to follow and try to
learn to make new rhyme-rhyme. Here
Jantuk looks different teaching methods
from formal education generally. Jantuk
every time you speak never offend others.
With the brilliance of his brain Jantuk
always had the idea to invite others to funny
language. Expression of one's teeth showed
Jantuk old age with all sorts of life
experiences that have lived. This makes
Jantuk looks perfect with its simplicity.
Figure Character Mr. Jantuk in performances
(Source: Documentation Writers, 2014)
In the picture above shows also Jantuk live in
simplicity, from costume gloves and gowns are
used. From this it can be concluded that the
figure is someone who has Jantuk elderly who
have to wade through life experience full of joy.
Jantuk always calm in the face of every test and
never biased in making decisions. Jantuk is
someone who is fun to exchange ideas he gives
advice in a language easily understood by using
rhymes, so that spectators can take lessons and
great wisdom to be interpreted in social life.
Although jantuk appearance looks normal, but
the behavior, morals and life experiences Jantuk
ought to be imitated by everyone.
Someone who looks unassuming from the
outside does not mean having no education,
moral and modest attitude anyway. Jantuk is a
figure that should be a lesson for and
exemplified in today's social life is eroded by
foreign influences.
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