Download Περίληψη : Χρονολόγηση Γεωγραφικός εντοπισμός

IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Συγγραφή :
Rakova Snezhana
(γλωσσ.επιμ. αγγλ.) Lees Christopher ,
Kaisheva
Radmila
Rakova Snezhana , "Venetians in the Black Sea", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11934>
Rakova S. ,
Περίληψη :
Venetian trade expansion in the Black Sea dates back to the 13th c. For nearly two centuries the ships of Venice travelled intensively
to its main colonies in Tanais and Trebizond. Together with Genoa, which was its constant rival, Venice generated enormous profit
from the trade of goods between the East and the West. Trade in this region gradually dwindled and came to a standstill in the late
16th century.
Χρονολόγηση
13th - 16th c.
Γεωγραφικός εντοπισμός
Black Sea
1. The period from 10th to 13th centuries
Thе Venetian predomination in the economic life of Byzantium was based on the trade privileges given by the Byzantine emperors –
the first edict was issued in 992. Venetian merchants travelled in the Eastern Mediterranean, but were not allowed to enter the basin
of the Black Sea. As it is well known in 1204 the Crusaders’ army destroyed the Byzantine capital. The enormous treasures were
distributed among the Crusaders and the Venetians. Venetians received a quarter and a half of the lands of the ruined Byzantine
Empire and a quarter of Constantinople. Thereafter the Doge of Venice assumed the title "dominator quarte partis et dimidae
totius imperii Romanii".
The merchants of Venice – the most rapidly developing Italian trade republic stepped on all significant posts along the trade routes
between the East and the West starting from the Adriatic and the islands in the Aegean Sea and reaching the Black Sea. Initially the
scarcely known cost of the Black Sea did not attract trade galleys. But during the Latin empire began the penetration of ships in this
sea and the exploitation of its remotest shores. From this time date the first preserved maps and portolans made in Venice.1 After the
initial division of the territories of the subjugated Byzantium during the Latin empire in Constantinople, followed the creation of the
Venetian colonial empire from 1204 to 1209: the island of Crete (in Venetian possession in the period–1206-1669), the island of
Corfu (1207-1500), the ports of Coron and Modon in the Peloponnese peninsula (they turned into basic trade bases of Venice), the
island of Eubeia (protectorate of Venice an later its colony). With its galleys and well organised trade the Venetians took almost
entirely the trade in wheat and tallow from the Northern to the Western Black Sea regions to Venice, the transport of silk and furs,
precious metals and luxury goods from the East to the Southern Black Sea regions.
2. The Venetian Trade in Black Sea
The preferred colony of the Serenissima is Tanais, at the estuary of the Don at the Sea of Azov where conditions were harsh, since
there were outbursts of epidemics which spread to the lands of the Tartars, still big quantities of grain from the Russian steppes, silk
from Chine and slaves flocked there. Convoys of 8-10 galleys, escorted by military ships headed each year to Tanais and arrived in
August-September to travel back to Constantinople before the beginning of winter. The other main colony of Venice was Trebizond
(Trabzon) on the Southern Black sea coast. There the transit of goods from Asia and the Caucasus to Constantinople was organised
– silk, furs, tallow, precious metals and luxury goods were traded for textiles, glassware and other products of Western
craftsmanship.
From the very beginning Venice trade activity was organised and administered by the state. The Venetian Senate and the Great
Council ratified all the important decisions which pertained to trade: they controlled the system of ship auctioning (incanto :
γλωσσάρι), the routes and time of departure, the quantity and types of goods, the election and appointment of patrons: γλωσσάρι on
ships, captains, admirals, the election of Venetian bailos and consuls who ruled the colonies, etc. From the third decade of the 15th
century Venice introduced the system of the ship convoy voyages (muda), which was especially effective until mid 15th century.
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Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Συγγραφή :
Rakova Snezhana
(γλωσσ.επιμ. αγγλ.) Lees Christopher ,
Kaisheva
Radmila
Rakova Snezhana , "Venetians in the Black Sea", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11934>
Rakova S. ,
These were groups of 5-8 galleys, guarded by military ships which travelled along a strictly outlined route. The greatest prestige had
the convoys for Romania, on the board of which the most distinguished representatives of Venetian patricians travelled. They started
their journey in the middle of June and returned in November. From September to 11 October – the holiday of St. Michael was the
term for delivering the new crop of grain to Constantinople, and from November to Januаry they travelled back to Venice and
Genoa. In the spring the wheat from previous years was sold. Between November and February sea voyages were stopped but there
are records about ships spending the winter in the Black Sea. According to the information from the preserved documents of the
Venetian Senate from 1306 to 1451, 125 voyages of convoys were accomplished and on a rare occasion there were two voyages
per year.2 Naval navigation in this part of the Mediterranean was exposed to risks: attacks by Genoese and Turkish pirates, sea
storms and military threats. Venetian trade in the Black Sea region flourished from the late 13th c. until mid 14th c. Then began the
great economic crisis which occurred due to various reasons. But one of them affected the Black Sea region – this is the epidemic of
bubonic plague, which began in the Crimean colonies of Genoa and Venice and spread throughout Europe. The other reason for the
crisis in the trade exchange between the East and the West was the shift in the basic routes for movement of goods. Due to political
instability in the territory of the Golden Horde and the invasions of the Mongols and Seldjuks in Asia Minor, the flow of luxury goods,
silk and slaves to the West was reduced. In addition to this the confrontations of Venice with Genoa for dominance in the Black Sea
went on constantly and led to numerous military conflicts which became less in the 15th century when the threat of the Turks loomed.
3. Venetian ships
Italian maritime republics including Venice used mainly three types of ships: galleys (with rows and sails ), round ships (with sails) and
big galleys (grosse, up to 48 m. long) which were used for the transport of luxury goods and had two masts and from the 15th c. they
had three masts with 4-5 sails. Venetians used them in the Black Sea to destinations such as Trebizond and Tanais. In most of the
cases the big galleys (galeazzo) were used for re-export of the goods transported via the Black Sea from goods Constantinople to
Venice. The light galleys (up to 40 m. long) had greater speed and mobility but could sail only during the day and did not have big
supply of water. Venice sent to the Black Sea mainly light galleys technically adapted with some of the features of the bigger galleys.
The second class of ships were the round ships – with a ratio between length and width of 2,6 to 3,7 and with greater capacity. They
had high decks for protection and were even supplied with artillery after the 15th century. They were used for the transport of cheap
heavy cargos.
4. Political and economical relations of Venice with the states from the Black Sea region
Apart from the traditional privileges for duty free trade granted to Italian merchants by the emperors of the Byzantine empire, in 13th15th c. the Venetians concluded treaties with the rulers of the states of the Black Sea region, the emperors of Trebizond (1319,
1364), the khans of the Golden Horde (1333, 1358), the king of Bulgaria – 1347,3 the great voivoda of Moldova – 1435, etc. The
usual customs duty levied in these states was 3%, and it could be increased to 5% in certain occasions (1358 treaty with the Golden
Horde) or reduced.
A total number of 40 colonies of the Italian maritime republics existed along the Northern and Eastern Black Sea and most of them
belonged to Genoa but a great part of them were Venetians as well. The Venetian Senate elected the consuls-governors of the
colonies for a term for one to two years. They had a fixed salary and were not allowed to deal in trade. Every factoria had a consulbailo (in Trebizond, Constantinople and Negroponte), assisted by advisors elected among the patrician Venetians.
5. Venice-Ottoman Empire
After the capture of Constantinople by the Turks on 29 May 1453 the trade of Venice with the Eastern Mediterranean continued.
The first treaty between the two states dated 18 April 1454.4 The republic and Mehmet II the Conqueror made peace and
concluded commercial clauses. The network of Venetian consuls was kept in the various towns of the Black Sea region during the
Ottoman Empire (for example there was a consul in Kaffa in 1590), but trade gradually dwindled and died.5 The Turkish sultans
introduced a restrictive regime for foreign ships entering the Black Sea and after the middle of the 16 century it became practically
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Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Συγγραφή :
Rakova Snezhana
(γλωσσ.επιμ. αγγλ.) Lees Christopher ,
Kaisheva
Radmila
Rakova Snezhana , "Venetians in the Black Sea", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11934>
Rakova S. ,
close to West European trade.
1. Александров, И., Югозападното Черноморие в картните и текстови портулани ХІІІ-ХV в., Phd Dissertation (София 2002) pp. 27-39.
2. Карпов, С.П., Путями средневковых мореходов. Черноморская навигация Венецианской республики в ХІІІ-ХV вв. (Москва 1994), p. 42
3. Codice Trevisaneo, f. 446 – Archivio di Stato di Venezia.
4. Pedani, M-P., Venezia tra Mori, Turchi e Persiani (Vicenza 2005), pp. 12-15 ; Theunissen, H., Ottoman-Venetian Diplomatics: The ahidnames. The
Historical Background and the Development of a Category of Political-Diplomatic Instruments together with an annotated Edition of a Corpus of
Relelvant Documents. PhD Dissertation, (Utrecht 1991).
5. Popescu, A., “La Mer Noire ottomane: mare clausum? mare apertum ? ”, F. Bilici, I. Candea, A. Popescu (eds.) Enjeux politiques, économiues et
militaires en Mer Noire (XIVe-XXIe siècle). Etudes à la mémoire de M. Guboglu (Braila 2007), pp. 141-170.
Βιβλιογραφία :
Miklosich F., Müller J., Acta et diplomata graeca medii aevi sacra et profana I-VI, Vienna 1860-1890
Zakythinos D., Le Chrysobulle d’Alexis ΙΙΙ Comnène, Empereur de Trébizonde en faveur des Venitiens,
Paris 1932
Thiriet F., La Romanie vénitienne au Moyen Age. Le développement et l’exploitation du domaine
colonial vénitien, Paris 1959
Lilie R.J., Handel und Politik zwischen dem byzantinischen Reich und den italienischen Kommunen
Venedig, Pisa und Genua in der Epoche der Komnenen und Angeloi (1081-1204), Amsterdam 1984
Laiou A.E., Constantinople and the Latins. The Foreign Policy of Andronicus II, 1282-1328, Cambridge
Mass. 1972, Harvard Historical Studies 88
Thomas G., Tafel G., Urkunden zur älteren Handels- und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig mit
besonderer Beziehung auf Byzanz und die Levante. 1. Theil (814-1205), Wien 1856 (repr. Amsterdam
1964)
Laiou A.E., "Byzantium and the Black Sea, 13th-15th c.: Trade and the Native Populations of the Black Sea
Area", Fol, A.N. (ed.), Bulgaria Pontica Medii Aevi 2, Sofia 1988, 164-201
Nystazopoulou-Pélékidis M., "Venise et la mer Noire du XIe au XVe siècle", Θησαυρίσματα, 7, 1970, 1551
Todorova E., Mitchkovska P., Bibliografia delle fonti e delle ricerche sui rapporti tra Genova e le
regioni del Mar Nero durante il medioevo, Sofia 1982
Karpov S.P., La navigazione veneziana nel Mar Nero, XIII-XV sec., Ravenna 2000
Pedani M.P., "Consoli veneziani nei porti di Mediterraneo nel età mоderna", Cancila, R. (ed.), Mediterraneo
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Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Συγγραφή :
Rakova Snezhana
(γλωσσ.επιμ. αγγλ.) Lees Christopher ,
Kaisheva
Radmila
Rakova Snezhana , "Venetians in the Black Sea", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11934>
Rakova S. ,
in armi (XV-XVII sec.), Palermo 2007, 175-205
Atanasiu A., "Nave veneţiene şi genoveze în bazinul pontic", Cristea, O. (ed.), Marea Neagră. Puteri
maritime – Puteri terestre (sec. XIII-XVIII), Bucarest 2006, 50-75
Карпов С.П., Итальянские морские республики и Южное причерноморье в ХІІІ-ХV вв. Проблемы торговли, Москва 1990
Kedar B., Merchants in crisis. Genoese and Venetian men of affairs and the fourtheenth century
depression, New Haven – London 1976
Matschke K.P., "Commerce, trade, markets, and money, Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries", Laiou, A. (ed.), The
Economic History of Byzantium from the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, Washington D.C. 2002,
Dumbarton Oaks Studies 39, 771-806
Matschke K.P., "The late Byzantine urban economy, Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries", Laiou, A. (ed.), The
Economic History of Byzantium from the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, Washington, D.C. 2002,
Dumbarton Oaks Studies 39, 463-495
Pegolotti F.B., La Pratica della mercatura, Cambridge, Massachusets 1936
Popescu A., "La Mer Noire ottomane: mare clausum? mare apertum?", Bilici, F. – Candea, I. – Popescu, A.
(eds), Enjeux politiques, économqiues et militaires en Mer Noire (XIVe-XXIe siècle). Études à la mémoire
de M. Guboglu, Braila 2007, 141-170
Ciocîltan V., Mongolii şi Marea Neagra in secolele XIII-XIV, Bucureşti 1998
Dalché P., "Portulans and the Byzantine world", Macrides, R. (ed.), Travel in the Byzantine world: papers
from the thirty-fourth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Birmingham, April 2000, Aldershot:
Ashgate 2002, 59-71
Inalcik H., "The question of the closing of the Black Sea under the Ottomans", Αρχείον Πόντου, 35, 1979,
74-109
Karpov S.P., "Black Sea and the crisis of the mid XIVth century: an underestimated turning point",
Θησαυρίσματα, 27, 1997, 65-76
Карпов С.П., История Трапезундской империи, Санкт Петербург 2007
Карпов С.П., Латинская Романия, Санкт Петербург 2000
Карпов С.П., Путями средневековых мореходовл Черноморская навигация венецианской республики в ХІІІ-ХV вв., Москва 1994
Laiou A.E., "The provisioning of Constantinople during the winter of 1306-1307", Byzantion, 38, 1968, 386410
Lane F., "Progrès technologiques et productivité dans les transports maritimes dès la fin du Moyen Age au
début des Temps Modernes", Review Historique, 1974, 277-302
Manolescu R., "Le commerce sur le littoral ouest de la Mer Noire (à partir du XIIIe siècle jusqu'au milieu du
XVIe siècle)", Études d’histoire maritime présentées au XIIIe Congrès international des Sciences
Historiques -Moscou 1970, Paris 1970, 237-278
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Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Συγγραφή :
Rakova Snezhana
(γλωσσ.επιμ. αγγλ.) Lees Christopher ,
Kaisheva
Radmila
Rakova Snezhana , "Venetians in the Black Sea", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11934>
Rakova S. ,
Cheynet J.-C., Morrisson C., "Prices and wages in the Byzantine world", Laiou, A. (ed.), The Economic
History of Byzantium from the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, Washington, DC 2002, Dumbarton
Oaks Studies 39, 815-878
Papacostea Ş., "Gênes, Venise et la Mer Noire à la fin du XIIIe siècle", Révue Roumaine d’Histoire, 29: 3-4,
1990, 211-236
Papacostea Ş., La Mer Noire carrefour des grandes routes intercontinentales 1204-1453, Bucureşti 2006
Pryor J., Geography, technology, and war. Studies in the maritime history of the Mediterranean 6491571, Cambridge 1988
Scandurra E., "The maritime republics", Bass, G. (ed.), A historу of seafaring, London 1972, 205-224
Tangheroni M., Di Nero L., Commercio e navigazione nel Mediterraneo medioevale, Roma 1978
Unger R., The ship in the Medieval Economy, London 1980
Александров И., Югозападното Черноморие в картните и текстови портулани ХІІІ-ХV в., PhD
Dissertation, София 2002
Almagia R., Monumenta Cartographica Vaticana. vol. I. Planisferi, carte nautiche e affini dal sec. XIV
al XVII esistenti nella Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Citta del Vaticano 1944
Cazacu M., "Venise et la Moldavie au début XVe siècle", Studii si Materiale de istorie Medie, 21, 2003,
131-138
Charanis P., "Piracy in the Aegean during the reign of Michael VIII Palaelogus", Charanis, P. (ed.), Social,
economic and political life in the Byzantine Empire, London 1973, 127-136
Chrysostomides J., "Venetian comercial privileges under the Paleologoi", Studi veneziani, 12, 267-356
Cristea O., Veneţia şi Marea Neagă în secolele XIII–XIV, Brăila 2004
Doumerc B., "Le galere da mercato", Alberto Tenenti e Ugo Tucci (eds.), Storia di Venezia, t. XII: Il Mare,
Roma 1991, 357-395
Doumerc B., "Le rôle ambigu de la muda vénitienne: convoi marchand ou unité de combat?", 15e Congr.
National des Sociétés savantes. Histoire maritime, Avignon 1990, 139-154
Fenster E., "Zur Fahrt der venezianischen Handelsgaleeren in das Schwarze Meer 1362", Byzantinoslavica,
39, 1978, 161–195
Gjuzelev V., "Les relations bulgaro-vénitiennes durant la première moitié du XIVe siècle", Etudes Historiques,
9, 1979, 39-76
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Kretschmayr K., "Die italienischen Portolane des Mittelalters. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Kartographie und
Nautik", Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Meereskunde und des Geographischen Instituts an der
Universität Berlin, 13, 1909
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Μετάφραση :
Συγγραφή :
Rakova Snezhana
(γλωσσ.επιμ. αγγλ.) Lees Christopher ,
Kaisheva
Radmila
Rakova Snezhana , "Venetians in the Black Sea", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11934>
Rakova S. ,
Για παραπομπή :
Lane Fr., Venice. A maritime republic, Baltimore 1973
Luzzatto G., Storia economica di Venezia dall’ XI al XVI secolo, Venezia 1961
McNeill W., Venice. The Hinge of Europe 1081 – 1797, Chicago 1974
Migliardi G., "Presentation des archives du baile à Constantinople", Turcica, 33, 2001, 339-367
Талызина А., "Венецианские нотариальные акты: новые возможности старых источников",
Byzantinoslavica, 60: 2, 1999, 459-467
Tenenti A., "Venezia e la pirateria nel Levante 1300–1460", Pertusi, A., (ed.), Venezia e il Levante fino al
secolo XV, Firenze 1973, 705-771
Thiriet F., "De l’importance des mers dans le système Romaniote de Venise", Byzantinobulgarica, 1, 1981,
73-86
Thiriet F., Régestes des délibérations du Sénat de Venise concernant la Romanie, I-III, Paris 1958–1961
Tiepolo M. Fr., "Fonti archivistiche meno noti sui rapporrti tra Venezia e le regioni del Mar Nero",
Byzantinobulgarica, 1, 1981, 99-102
Balard M., La Méditerranée médiévale: Espaces, itinéraires, comptoirs, Paris 2006
Δικτυογραφία :
Byzantium, the Italian maritime powers, and the Black Sea before 1204
http://www.reference-global.com/doi/abs/10.1515/BYZS.2008.677?journalCode=byzs
La déroute financière gérée par Venise en 1345
http://www.doeda.com/collapse.french.html
The Encyclopedia of World History
http://www.bartleby.com/67/473.html
Γλωσσάριo :
bailo
Bailo was the representative of Venice at Constantinople during the Byzantine Empire. His office was quite important, that's why only members of the
venetien aristocracry were appointed at it. The bailo was a man of particular education and his diplomatic presence at the Sublime Port was decisive.
The reports of the bailos' and their mention in the venetian administration constitute important documents which are often true handbooks of
political, military and financial science and therefore important sources for the modern historian.
factoria
trade center of foreign merchants.
Golden Horde
Conventional designation of the state of Ulus Jochi or the Khanate Kipchak. It was a nation, that was a cross of Turcs and Mongolians and lived in
the west part of the Mongolian Empire. The Horde flourished from the middle of the 13th century until the end of the 14th century and built up
important commercial relationships with the nations of the Mediterranean Sea, especially the Genoese.
Great Council of Venice
it consisted of 30-35 members, it was presided by the doge and took the decisions for the Venetian Community.
muda
the convoy of ships directed for the Levant or for the Northern Europe
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Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Συγγραφή :
Rakova Snezhana
(γλωσσ.επιμ. αγγλ.) Lees Christopher ,
Kaisheva
Radmila
Rakova Snezhana , "Venetians in the Black Sea", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11934>
Rakova S. ,
Partitio Romaniae
The document of the treaty signed by the Latins of the IV Crusade (twelve Venetians and twelve Francs) between the 12th april and the 9th may of
the year 1204. According to the text the Latin Empire of Constantinople was founded and the territories of the Byzantine Empire were divided among
the Venetians and the Francs.
portolan, portulan
(from latin word “portus”, port) a book with nautical instructions (today called “a pilot book”) which gives a description of the coastline and
indicates the sailing directions which were to be followed in order to reach a given point of orientation (a port, promontory, island, estuary etc.). It
also depicts the ports and anchorages with their navigational peculiarities and the possible approaches to them. The portulan is an achievement of
the medieval navigation and could be considered as a result from the application of the compass in seafaring during the 12th C.
Romania
name of Venetian territories in the former Byzantine Empire.
Serenissima
name of Venice in the medieval documentation.
Πηγές
Tafel, G.,Thomas, G., Urkunden zur älteren Handels und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig, vol. I-III (Wien 1856–1857)
Pedani, M-P., Venezia tra Mori, Turchi e Persiani (Vicenza 2005), pp. 12-15
Χρονολόγιο
992: First chrysobull in favor of Venetian merchants
1204-1261: Latin Empire of Constantinople
1268-1453: Venetians Bailos in Constantinople
1453: Fall of Constantinople
15th-16th c.: Treaties with Ottoman sultans
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