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Dictionary of World Biography close economic ties with the US and the right to rearm. He remained a powerful conservative force in the Liberal Democratic Party. *Abe ShinzÅ was his grandson. Kissinger, Henry Alfred (1923â ). American academic and official, born in Fuerth, Germany. He emigrated to the US in 1938, studied at Harvard and served in the US Army. He established a reputation as an expert on international relations and defence. In 1969 he was appointed President *Nixonâs assistant responsible for national security. US Secretary of State 1973â77, he negotiated the ceasefire between the US and North Vietnam in 1973 and was also instrumental in achieving a ceasefire between Egypt and Israel. Under the Constitution, he received Nixon's resignation as President (August 1974), continuing in office under Gerald *Ford. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1973 with *Le Duc Tho from Vietnam (who declined it). He negotiated a settlement between hostile factions in Rhodesia which was accepted by the Rhodesian Government but not by the Patriotic Front guerrilla movement. In 1977 he returned to academic life as professor of diplomacy at Georgetown University. A prolific writer, he published his memoirs in 1979. Isaacson, W., Kissinger: A Biography. 1992. Kitaj, R. B. (Ronald Brooks) (1932â2007). American painter and graphic artist. He was a merchant seaman and soldier who studied in London and lived in England, evolving a striking figurative art, working in parallel to the pop artists of the US. Elected to the Royal Academy in 1991, he returned to the US in 1997 and committed suicide. Kitasato Shibasaburo (1852â1931). Japanese bacteriologist. A pupil of *Koch, he was noted for his independent discoveries of the bacilli of anthrax (1889), diphtheria (1890) and bubonic plague (1894). Kitchener of Khartoum, 1st Earl, Herbert Horatio Kitchener (1850â1916). British Field Marshal, born in County Kerry. While still a cadet at the Royal Military Academy, he served with the French army in the Franco-Prussian War. As an engineer officer, with a knowledge of Arabic and Hebrew, he proved his ability in Palestine survey work, in Cyprus, and (from 1882) in Egypt. He was deeply involved in the events leading up to and following the death of *Gordon and as a result of the skill and thoroughness with which he performed all the tasks assigned him, he was made (1890) Sirdar (i.e. Egyptian Commander in Chief ). He spent the following years in training men and building up resources to avenge Gordon and restore British rule. He won the decisive Battle of Omdurman (1898), was created a baron and made Governor-General of the Sudan, in which office he planned the modern city of Khartoum. In the Boer War he was appointed (1899) Chief of Staff to Lord 466 *Roberts, succeeding him as Commander in Chief 1900â02. Following the Spanish model in Cuba, he established concentration camps for civilians in which 20,000 people died, burned farms and applied collective punishments. However, he brought the war to an end, received a viscouncy, £50,000 and became a foundation member of the Order of Merit (1902). His tenure of the post of Commander in Chief in India 1902â09 was famous for his quarrel with the viceroy, Lord *Curzon, concerning spheres of authority, but it was also notable for many reforms, e.g. hygiene, sanitation. Kitchener was Commander in Chief in the Mediterranean 1910â11, then returned to Egypt as British Consul-General and Minister Plenipotentiary 1911â14. On the outbreak of war he became Secretary of State for War 1914â 16. His administration has been criticised as rigid and over centralised. Nevertheless, his achievement was prodigious and his judgment sound. (Alone of the generals he predicted a long war of attrition.) He dismissed Gallipoli as a tragic irrelevance. As a result of his immense prestige, 3,000,000 men (âKitchenerâs Armyâ) responded voluntarily to his call to arms, and some 70 infantry divisions were formed. In June 1916 Kitchener was drowned off Orkney when HMS Hampshire, taking him to Russia on an urgent mission, was sunk by a mine. A national memorial fund of over £500,000 was raised for higher education for boys, and a medical school at Khartoum. Cross-eyed, huge, moustachioed and unmarried, Kitchener was an enigmatic figure, a master of colonial warfare but with vivid insights into the nature of World War I. Magnus, P., Kitchener. 1958. Kléber, Jean Baptiste (1753â1800). French marshal, born in Alsace. Having fought with distinction in the French Revolutionary campaigns, he went (1798) to Egypt as a divisional commander under *Napoléon. He was left in command in 1799 when Napoléon returned to Paris. On the refusal by the higher British authorities to ratify an agreement with the local commander, Sidney Smith, for the evacuation of his troops, he reopened hostilities, defeated the Turks at Heliopolis but was assassinated by a fanatic in Cairo shortly afterwards. Klee, Paul (1879â1940). German-Swiss painter, born in Berne. Undecided at first whether to pursue art or music, he eventually went to Munich to study and joined the Blaue Reiter group (*Kandinsky). His eyes were opened to the use of colour during a visit to Tunis (1914), and henceforth his colour harmonies and contrasts were as much a feature of his work as his brilliant draughtsmanship. In 1920 he joined the Bauhaus in Weimar, but soon after *Hitler came to power he was dismissed (1933) from an appointment at the Düsseldorf Academy, on the grounds that his art was decadent, and settled in Switzerland. As Klee has been one of the most important influences on modern