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I. Articulations - Arthrology
A. Functional Classification
1. Synarthroses
2. Amphiarthroses
3. Diarthroses
a. Monaxial
b. Biaxial
c. Triaxial
d. Nonaxial/Multiaxial
B. Structural Classification
1. Bony Fusion/Synostoses
2. Fibrous
a. Sutures
b. Gomphoses
c. Syndesmoses
3. Cartilaginous
a. Symphyses
b. Synchondroses
4. Synovial
a. Structural Characteristics of Synovial
Joints
1) Synovial Joint Cavity
2) Articular Cartilage
3) Articular Capsule
a) Synovial Membrane
b) Fibrous Capsule
4) Accessory Ligaments
a) Extracapsular Ligaments
b) Intracapsular Ligaments
5) Fibrocartilage Pads – Articular
Discs – Menisci
6) Bursae
a) Bursitis
b. Types of Diarthroses/Synovial Joints
1) Gliding/ Plane
a) Nonaxial
2) Hinge
a) Monaxial
3) Pivot
a) Monaxial
4) Ellipsoid/ Condyloid
a) Biaxial
5) Saddle
a) Biaxial
6) Ball-and-Socket
a) Triaxial
c. Movements at Synovial Joints
1) Flexion
2) Extension
a) Hyperextension
3) Abduction
4) Adduction
5) Circumduction
6) Rotation
a) Right and Left
b) Lateral and Medial
7) Eversion
8) Inversion
9) Dorsiflexion
10) Plantar flexion
11) Opposition
12) Retraction
13) Protraction
14) Depression
15) Elevation
16) Supination
17) Pronation
d. Selected Synovial Joints
1) Knee Joint (Tibiofemoral)
a) Tibial (Medial) Collateral
Ligament
b) Fibular (Lateral) Collateral
Ligament
c) Oblique Popliteal Ligament*
d) Arcuate Popliteal Ligament*
e) Anterior Cruciate Ligament
f) Posterior Cruciate Ligament
g) Patellar Ligament
h) Tendon of Quadriceps
femoris muscle
i) Patellar Retinaculae
(1) Medial
(2) Lateral
j) Menisci (Semilunar
cartilages or Articular discs)
(1) Lateral Meniscus
(2) Medial Meniscus
2) Elbow Joint (Humeroulnar and
Humeroradial)
a) Radial Collateral Ligament
b) Ulnar Collateral Ligament
c) Annular Ligament
3) Hip Joint (Coxal Joint)
a) Acetabular labrum
b) Ligamentum teres
c) Iliofemoral Ligament
d) Pubofemoral Ligament
e) Ischiofemoral Ligament
4) Shoulder Joint (Glenohumeral)
a) Glenoid Labrum
b) Glenohumeral Ligament
c) Coracohumeral Ligament
d) Coracoacromial Ligament
e) Coracoclavicular Ligament
f) Acromioclavicular Ligament
g) Rotator Cuff Muscles
(1) Supraspinatus
(2) Infraspinatus
(3) Teres minor
(4) Subscapularis
5) Temporomandibular Joint
a) Mandibular Fossa
b) Articular Tubercle
c) Temporomandibular Disc
d) Head of Mandibular Condyle
C. Clinical Applications
1. Rheumatoid Arthritis
2. Osteoarthritis
3. Sprain
4. Dislocation/Luxation
5. Adhesion
6. Spurs