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TUBERCULOSIS IN ZOO ANIMALS: A REPORT OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION BETWEEN
SPECIES AND ZOOS
Moser Irmgard1, Prodinger Wolfgang M.2, Lyashchenko Konstantin P.3, Bakker Dowe4, Gomis
David5, Wuennemann Klaus6, Moisson Pierre5
1.Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Naumburger Str. 96a, D-07743 Jena, Germany
2.Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University,
Innsbruck, Fritz-Pregl-Str. 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, 3
3.Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc., 3661 Horseblock Road, Medford, New York 11763, USA.
4.Central Institute for Animal Disease Control, Edelhertweg 15, 8203 AA Lelystad, The
Netherlands,
5.Parc Zoologique et Botanique de Mulhouse, , 51 Rue du Jardin Zoologique, 68100 Mulhouse,
France,
6.Tiergarten Heidelberg, Tiergartenstraße 3, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Tuberculosis in zoo animals concerns the survival of endangered species as well as public
health aspects. Validated ante mortem diagnostic tests are not available for many exotic hosts. In
this report spanning a time period of five years, tuberculosis outbreaks in South American sea
lions, Bactrian camels, and Malayan tapirs kept in two zoological gardens linked by animal transfer
were
recorded.
Bacteriological,
molecular
and
immunological
methods
were
applied.
Mycobacterium (M.) pinnipedii, was isolated from all involved animals except one from which
mycobacteria could not be detected. Spoligotyping and variable number of tandem repeats
(VNTR) typing revealed identical molecular characteristics in all isolates.
In one of the involved zoos, about twelve years before another tuberculosis outbreak had
occurred. As causative agent finally also M. pinnipedii had been identified. However, this isolate
showed a spoligotyping pattern different from the actual one.
Anti MTC antibodies were detected using ELISA and another recently developed rapid
serological test (RT).
The study confirms that (i), using appropriate molecular epidemiological methods in tracing
back infectious chains, true links can be distinguished from potentially false links, and that (ii),
better immunological tests may help to detect tuberculosis infections in different animal species
ante mortem more reliably and early.
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