Download adapted from Wheelock, Chapters 31 and 32 [partial

adapted from Wheelock, Chapters 31 and 32 [partial]: fero, volo, malo, nolo Irregular fero, ferre, tuli, latum – to bear, carry Fero is one of a series of irregular verbs; they are all very commonly used and should be learned thoroughly. The English verb “to bear” is cognate with Latin fero, ferre and has generally the same basic and metaphorical meanings, to carry and to endure. In the present system, fero is simply a third conjugation verb, formed exactly like ago except that the stem vowel does not appear in a few places, including the infinitive ferre. The only irregular forms, all of them in the present tense (indicative, imperative, and infinitive), are highlighted below in bold; the imperfect subjunctive, while formed on the irregular infinitive ferre, nevertheless follows the usual pattern of present infinitive + endings. Remember that the singular imperative lacks the –e, just like dic, duc, and fac. Present Indicative Active Passive fero feror fers ferris fert fertur ferimus ferimur fertis ferimini ferunt feruntur Present Imperative Active Singular Active Plural fer ferte Infinitives Active Passive Present: ferre ferri Perfect: tulisse latus esse Future: laturus esse latum iri Synopsis The following third person singular synopsis, showing irregular forms in bold and taken together with the preceding summary, should provide a useful overview of the conjugation of fero. Indicative Mood Pres Fut Imperf Perf Fut Perf Pluperf Active fert feret ferebat tulit tulerit tulerat Passive fertur feretur ferebatur latus est latus erit latus erat Subjunctive Mood Pres Active ferat Passive feratur Fut ~ ~ Imperf ferret ferretur Perf tulerit latus sit Fut Perf ~ ~ Pluperf tulisset latus esset Practice and Review: translate the sentences into English. 1. iam vero cognovimus istas mentes duras ferrum pro pace offerre. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. haec scelera repente exposui ne alia et similia ferretis. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. quid vesper et somnus ferant, incertum est (Livy). _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ferte misero tantum auxilium tantum quantum potestis (Terence). _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. hoc unum scio: quod fata ferunt, id feremus aequo animo (Terence). _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Irregular volo, velle, volui Like fero, volo is another extremely common third conjugation verb, which, though regular for the most part, does have several irregular forms, including the present infinitive velle. Remember these points: o volo has not passive forms at all, no future active infinitive or participle, and no imperatives; o the perfect system is entirely regular; o the only irregular forms are in the present indicative (which must be memorized) and the present subjunctive (which is comparable to sim, sis, sit); o the imperfect subjunctive resembles that of fero, while formed from the irregular infinitive velle, it nevertheless follows the usual pattern of present infinitive + personal endings; o vol-­‐ is the base in the present system indicatives, vel-­‐ in the subjunctives. Present Indicative Pres. Subjunctive Imperf Subj. Infinitives volo velim vellem Pres: velle vis veils velles Perf: voluisse vult velit vellet Fut. ~ volumus velimus vellemus Participle vultis velitis velletis Pres. volens volunt velint vellent Synopsis The following third person singular synopsis, with irregular forms in bold, should provide a useful overview of the conjugation of volo. Indicative Mood Pres Fut Imperf Perf Fut Perf Pluperf Active vult volet volebat voluit voluerit voluerat Subjunctive Mood Pres Fut Imperf Perf Fut Perf Pluperf Active velit ~ vellet voluerit ~ voluisset Nolo and malo The compounds nolo, nolle, nolui (ne + volo), not to wish, to be unwilling, and malo, malle, malui (magis + volo), to want something more or instead, prefer, follow volo closely, but have long vowels in their stems (no-­‐, ma-­‐) and some other striking peculiarities, especially in the present indicative. Present Indicative of Nolo Singular: nolo, non vis, non vult Plural: nolumus, non vultis, nolunt Present Indicative of Malo Singular: malo, mavis, mavult Plural: malumus, mavultis, malunt Synopsis looks like volo. Nolo and Negative Commands While volo and malo lack imperatives, nolo has both singular and plural imperative that were very commonly employed along with complementary infinitives to express negative commands: Noli manere, Catilina – do not remain, Catiline! Nolite discedere amici mei – do not leave, my friends! Practice and Review: translate the following sentences. 1. At volumus cognoscere cur sic inviderint et cur verb eius tam dura fuerint. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. cum ceteri has insidias cognoverint, vult in exsilium furtim ac quam celerrime se conferre ut rumores et invidiam vitet. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. paria beneficia, igitur, in omnes dignos conferre mavultis. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. iste hostis, in Italiam cum multis elephantis veniens, primo pugnare noluit et plurimos dies in montibus consumpsit. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. si nepos te ad cenam invitabit, mensam explebit et tibi tantum vini offeret quantum vis; noli, autem, nimium bibere. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Do you wish to live longer and better? _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. vis recte vivere? Quis non? (Horace) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. mihi vere dixit quid vellet (Terence). _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. nobiscum vivere iam diutius non potes; noli remanere; id non feremus (Cicero). _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 10. hominess libenter id credunt quod volunt (Caesar). _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Grammatica (workbook) 11. Volo is an irregular verb of the _____________________________ conjugation; answer these questions on its irregularities. a. It lacks _____________________________ voice forms entirely. b. The _____________________________ system is entirely regular. c. The only irregular present system forms are in the _____________________________ tense indicatice, subjunctive, and infinitive. d. The imperfect subjunctive follows the usual rule, adding the _____________________________ _____________________________ to the present _____________________________. e. _____________________________ is the base for present system indicatives, _____________________________ for present system subjunctives. 12. Both volo and malo lack imperatives, but nolo has the singular imperative _____________________________ and the plural imperative _____________________________, both of which were commonly used with a _____________________________ infinitive to express _____________________________ commands.