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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 5
Lower Appendicular
Skeleton
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Review of Appendicular skeleton
 Appendicular skeleton = 126 bones
Pectoral girdle (4)
Upper limbs (60)
Pelvic girdle (2)
Lower limbs (60)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.37
Pelvis- axial and appendicular
1. Coxal bones- appendicular
2. Sacrum- axial
3. Coccyx- axial
= Sacroiliac joint (where axial & appendicular articulate)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.37
Lower Appendicular skeleton
• Pelvic girdle (2) (appendicular only)
• Coxal bones (2)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.37
Lower Appendicular skeleton
Lower limbs (60 total)
• Femur (2)
• Patella (2)
• Tibia (2)
• Fibula (2)
• Tarsals (14)
• Metatarsals (10)
• Phalanges (28)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.37
Pelvic girdle bones = 2 coxal bones
Figure 5.23a
Obturator foramen
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.38a
Pelvic girdle bones
Connects to sacrum
Iliac Crest
Deep socket,
(3 parts fuse together)
Inferior;
“sitdown bone”
Anterior; joined by
pubis symphysis
Obturator foramen
BV & Nerves pass to thigh
Figure 5.23b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.38b
Pelvic girdle bones
Coxal joint
Head of femur and
Acetabulum of coxal
bone
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lower Limb bones
Art. w/ Acetabulum of coxal
bone
Greater trochanter
Hip flexor &
buttocks muscle
attachment
 Femur = thigh bone
Figure 5.35a, b
Art. w/ Patella
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Art. w/ condyles of tibia Slide 5.40a
Lower Limb bones
Tibiofemoral joint Medial and lateral condyles of femur to
medial and lateral condyles of tibia
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.40a
Lower Limb bones
 Patella =
knee cap
Articulates with femur & tibia (at pateller surface)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.40a
Art. With respective
condyles of femur
Lower Limb bones
 Tibia = shin,
medial bone of
lower leg
quads tendon
attachment
Figure 5.35c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.40b
Disorder- shinsplints
Tendons & muscles unable to
absorb shock/impact, bone fatigue,
& bone remodeling is overloaded
(causing pain)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lower Limb bones
Art. With underside of
lateral condyle of tibia
 Fibula = lateral
bone, lower leg
Muscle attachment &
forms outer ankle Figure 5.35c
Slide 5.40b
Lower Limb bones
 Foot
 Tarsus(tarsals)“ankle bones”
 Metatarsals –
where shoelaces
are
 Phalanges –
toes
Figure 5.25
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tarsus (tarsals):
Know names (but not
locations):

Medial, intermediate and lateral
cuneiforms (3)

navicular

Cuboid

Talus

calcaneus
Must know location &
importance:
1. Talus
2. Calcaneus
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.25
Slide 5.41
Lower Limb bones
 Talus = ankle, articulates
with tibia and fibula
 Calcaneus = largest,
“heel bone”
Figure 5.25
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.41
Lower Limb bones
distal
Metatarsals of
foot:
 Where shoelaces are
I
 Numbered
II
III
IV
V
Phalanges of foot:
 Toes
Big Toe = no middle!
 Also numbered
Figure 5.25
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.41
Disorder- Fallen Arches
 3 arches
 2 longitudinal
 1 transverse
 Held in place by
ligaments
 Fallen Arches =
Flat Foot (painful)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.26
Slide 5.42
Disorder- bunion
Big toe curves in, caused by bone/tissue build up = painful
Figure 5.26
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.42
Gender Differences of the Skeleton
Iliac crest
1. Size of entire
skeleton
2. Pelvis differences:
Female:
Pubic Arch = > 90
Sacrum = Shorter
Iliac Crest = flares more laterally
Pelvic Inlet = larger, more circular
Iliac crest
Figure 5.23c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 5.39