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THE FUTURE OF SOUTH CAROLINA ARCHAEOLOGY:
A MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH PERSPECTTVE
David G. Anderson
My thoughts on South Carolina archaeology have
changed through the years, but I like to think my
love for the subject remains as fresh as it was
when I first set foot in this state more than twenty
years ago. As an archaeologist in the Southeast
Regional office of the National Park Service, my
travels carry me over a wide area. The ten states
from Louisiana and Arkansas in the west to North
Carolina in the east, and south of the Ohio RiverWest Virginia-Virginia line are where I spend
much of my time these days, although I
sometimes find myself much father away, dealing
with cultural resource management concerns at Air
Force bases in the desert southwest or on the high
plains, or conducting field surveys in the sundrenched Caribbean or, more prosaically, on Fish
and Wildlife Refuges in Mississippi, Tennessee, or
Arkansas. When I look at South Carolina
archaeology, it is as much from afar as from up
close, as much from the outside looking in as from
the inside.
My perspective is also influenced by the fact
that, while I have been involved in South Carolina
archaeology on and off for over twenty years, for
almost a decade and a half of that span I have been
living and working in other parts of the country,
mostly in Arkansas and Michigan. Thus, while to
some of you I may appear to be something of a
fixture in our local professional landscape-and
hopefully not too fossilized a one to younger
readers-my own views on the matter are very
different. Quite literally, I see my involvement in
South Carolina archaeology as more like a long
series of pleasant visits of greater or lesser duration
and intensity, followed by extended interludes
where my attention is directed elsewhere. I like to
think this keeps me on my toes about research,
compliance, and resource management issues in
South Carolina, since I am continually exposed to
how other statcs around the region and beyond are
dealing with these same concerns.
WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?
Dramatic changes have occurred over the past
25 years in South Carolina archaeology, as
recounted in the previous papers in this volume.
The many dedicated professionals and avocationals
that have worked here over the past quarter-century
Rave accomplished a great deal and, for the near
term, things look bright. What follows are some
specific suggestions on things I'd like to see
happen in the next 25 years.
We all hope, of course, that the broad trends of
the past quarter-century will continue-that
organizations like ASSC, SCI AA, the Charleston
Museum, or the Chicora Foundation continue to
grow and excel; that our colleges and universities
continue to turn out well educated avocational and
professional archaeologists to fill our membership
ranks; and that public support for archaeology in
South Carolina will continue at its present high
level. I hope that visionary leaders like Dr. Robert
L. Stephenson continue to appear when they are
most needed, and build and improve upon what we
have here in South Carolina. I also hope,
additionally, that the ASSC continues to nurture
archaeologists of the stature of Jim Michie and
Mike Trinkley, who cmergcd from its ranks, and
that our state will continue to attract such
competent professionals as Mark Brooks, John
Cable, A1 Goodyear, or M'mha Zierden.
But everything is not perfect. We do not
know all that we could, or that is possible, about
our state's rich past. So what can we do to
improve our understanding?
Information Management
First, to the near future. Some things that
should occur (hopefully sooner rather than later) are
the computerization of the state site files and, soon
thereafter, curated artifact, photograph, and field and
analysis records. South Carolina is currently the
only state in the Southeast whose site files are not
yet computerized, to the detriment of local research
and cultural resource management. Given effective
support, this situation could change markedly for
the better in the years to come. Jim Scurry of the
South Carolina Water Resources Commission, for
example, has been a driving force in recent years
for the development of an archeological Geographic
Information System (GIs) for South Carolina.
This computerization effort builds on the solid
empirical foundation provided by Keith Derting and
Sharon Pekrul of SCIAA's Information
Management Division (and their many predecessors
down through the years), who have developed what
David G. Anderson, National Park Service. Interagency Archeological Services Division, 75 Spring St., SW,
Atlanta, GA 30303
Anderson]
Future of South Carolina Archaeology
I believe are among the cleanest and most problemfree site records in the region.
Another electronic milestone that ,can and
should occur within the next ten to twenty years
should be the placement o f copies of every
archaeological report produced in the state on CDRom or some other as-of-yet unknown electronic
retrieval system. The first step along these lines
has already occurred, thanks to the efforts of Keith
Derting, Sharon Pekrul and Charlie Rhinehart,
whose bibliography of South Carolina's
archaeological literature recently appeared in
electronic and hard-copy format. Their work must
be kept up to date, however, and not allowed to
fade into obscurity.
As all of us are able to more easily access the
state's rich archaeological literature, it should lead
to great changes in our understanding of South
Carolina's past. That is, as our colleague's reports
become easier to find, they will come to be read
and used by professionals and avocationals alikesomething that doesn't happen much in these
current days of near-inaccessible CRM reports. As
archaeologists come to have real audiences,
furthermore, greater peer review and interaction
will occur, leading to greater care in writing,
analysis, and interpretation than we sometimes see
today. One final result is likely to be particularly
gratifying to those laboring in the trenches and
amid the gray literature. I suspect that many
currently unsung CRM workers-and not a few
avocationals-are going to come to be regarded as
heroes by future generations for what they were
able to save amid the ongoing destruction of the
archaeological record. Much of what we are ever
likely to know about major portions of South
Carolina's past is being compiled by people
working today, many for low salaries or as
volunteers, with little overt recognition. I look
forward to many more annual banquets of the
ASSC where, thankfully, many of these fine
people are recognized each year.
Site Discovery and Preservation
In the years to come, the numbers of sites
found and recorded in South Carolina will continue
to grow, as will the quality of data from individual
sites. While many of these collections and records
are likely to come from CRM-related work, the
members of ASSC can and should continue to
make significant contributions to this effort,
particularly if they concentrate their activities to
parts of the state that do not currently receive much
attention by professionals, and make provisions to
record their finds and turn in records of their work
79
and, ultimately, be willing to donate these
materials to the state's museums and research
institutes. I look forward to the day when we have
site records and collections from every part of the
state, filling in the voids in our knowledge of
where people were living in our state in the past,
and what they did.
In the years to come, ASSC members will
have to play a greater and greater role in rescuing
information from sites slated for destruction.
Ideally, the ASSC should have at least one major
ongoing excavation project supported by its
statewide membership, together with a series of
lesser excavations conducted by the stronger local
chapters. We need ongoing projects like the
excavations at the Taylor, Manning, Cal Smoak,
and Allan Mack sites that dominated the early years
of the ASSC. Such projects should be the rule and
not, as they are now, the exception. I would
suggest one worthy project for the state's entire
professional and avocational community would be
the excavation of the remainder of the primary
mound at Mulberry, which almost certainly will be
gone 25 years from now.
We also, of course, need to encourage greater
publication and dissemination of the results of our
field work, by both avocationals and professionals
alike. The ASSC has a treasury far in excess of
what it was when Wayne Neighbors led the
struggle to raise funds for our first Occasional
Paper on the work at the Cal Smoak site, and for
the major and important volume on The First Ten
Years of South Carolina Antiquities. Some of this
money should be used to fund more Occasional
Papers, and particularly to encourage the analysis
and publication of sites excavated as society
projects. I hope the next 25 years sees the
publication of at kast as many important studies,
and fine issues of South Carolina Antiquities, as
were produced in the 25 years just ended.
Of critical importance, the membership of
ASSC needs to start actively reporting sites, and
reward its members that do the best job in this
task. Keith Derting's research with the state site
files has shown that almost all of new sites
recorded in South Carolina in recent years are the
result of CRM activity and, unfortunately, that
avocationals, who often know and regularly visit
large numbers of sites, submit almost no site
forms or, indeed, data of any kind on their activity
to SCIAA (with apologies and thanks to those
individuals-we all know who they have beenwho are making real contributions to knowledge).
This needs to change if we are ever to learn what
there is out there on the landscape, and make
South Carolina Antiquities
informed decisions about how to manage our
state's heritage. In a number of states recording
sites and participating in excavations is a
responsibility proudly assumed by the avocational
community, and richly acknowledged and rewarded
by its professionals. I hope such an attitude grows
in South Carolina in the years to come.
Environmental Action
While site destruction is and will remain a
major problem, one thing I don't see happening in
the next 25 years is .thecomplete loss of the state's
archaeological record (although the losses will be
admittedly great). While some of the state's largest
and most significant sites will undoubtedly be
destroyed through development, looting, erosion or
other forces in the years ahead, others will be
preserved by enlightened private landowners or
purchased and protected by inspired programs like
the South Carolina Heritage Trust or The
Archaeological Conservancy. I hope the next
twenty five years will be particularly bright for
these organizations. Many smaller sites and not a
few larger sites will continue to exist, however,
and will prove to be increasingly important sources
of data in the years ahead. I suspect we
archaeologists will get better and bctter at finding
sites in settings we currently don't devote much
time to, such as within the coastal marshlands,
around and in the bottoms of Carolina bays, in the
waters of our rivers or offshore, or dceply buried in
alluvial deposits.
I also suspect that the mindless or actively
malicious pothunting such as we see all too often
today will diminish appreciably in the years to
come. This will likely occur for two very different
reasons. First, I expect public appreciation and
respect for our nation's heritage will become
increasingly widespread, thanks in large part to
programs underway in most state's like our own
South Carolina archaeology week, as well as
teacher training workshops and other public
education initiatives. As a result, those who we
today gently label pothunters will undoubtedly
come to be viewed as increasingly lower forms of
life as the years go by, vermin literally tearing the
pages out of the book of our species history.
Second, as laws protecting cultural resources come
to be increasingly enforced, and as more looters
lose their property and go to jail with felony
convictions, the appeal of maliciously destroying
the past for personal gain will likely lessen.
In the years ahead direct action by both the
professional and avocational community alike on
behalf of archaeology in South Carolina is likely
to become increasingly common, as educational
[Vol. 25, Nos, 1&2, 1993
initiatives like Archaeology Week and teacher
training workshops have their effect. Activities
that should be encouraged include the monitoring
of sites to detect looting problems; the recording of
private collections and encouraging their donation
for research and display purposes; and above all
political action on behalf of legislation and
programs that lead to greater preservation of the
state's heritage. As a community we need to
acknowledge state and federal agency cultural
resource management programs that are doing a
good job, like those currently run by the U.S.
Forest Service or the South Carolina Department
of Transportation. We also need to start to
seriously challenge those agencies that are not in
compliance or, through indifference, are causing
serious damage to cultural resources. The ASSC
membership can be a valuable and important force
for the raising of public and private funding, and to
preserve legislation designed to protect our state
and country's rich archaeological and historical
heritage.
Compliance Concerns
One of the best ways to ensure that South
Carolina will have a better understanding and
appreciation of its past in the years to come is to
develop a system of peer review that will produce
better and better technical and public reports. All
of us, professionals and avocationals alike, can
help with this, through an expanded peer-review
process, essentially by fostering constructive
commentary on how archaeology is done in the
state. Greater cooperation and coordination will be
needed between the staffs of our leading
professional organizations, and between the
professional and avocational community.
As a first step, technical peer review of the
state's archaeological literature needs to be shared
across the professional community, and not rest
solely on the shoulders of the one or two
individuals in the State Historic Preservation
Officer's (SHPO's) office. ASSC members should
be included in this process, since their reviews will
provide a good barometer about how archaeology is
perceived by the general public, and how it might
be made more relevant or intelligible. I believe
that mechanisms should be set in place by the
SHPO, the ASSC, and the membership of the
Council of South Carolina Professional
Archaeologists (COSCAPA), acting in concert to
ensure that reviews occur in an expeditious
manner. Such reviews should encompass
compliance-generated documents, but may also go
beyond this to provide formal peer review of other
studies should their author's or agencies wish the
fwdback.
Anderson]
Future of South Carolina Archaeology
Review assignments could be drawn by lot
from the COSCAPA and ASSC membership, and
probably should focus, at least at the start, on
major compliance studies rather than encompass
every action. This would not be hard to
implement, and I suspect many in our professional
community would do it willingly out of a love for
archaeology. If necessary, some teeth could be
added to the process. I personally believe report
review should be considered part of every
archeologist's job description if he or she is a state
or federal employee, and that some minimal
fraction of their annual workload should be
dedicated to this task (and I include in this
educators teaching the subject in our public
universities). Participation in the review process
should also be a part of COSCAPA membership
requirements, to involve those individuals outside
of state or federal employment. The SHPO would,
of course, be the arbiter of all such commentary on
compliance studies, using this information as
appropriate in the management of the state's
cultural resources.
As a final commentary on how compliance
activity should proceed in South Carolina, I
believe the SHPO should consider adopting
institutional and personnel standards for
compliance activities equivalent to those mandated
by the Society of Professional Archaeologists
(SOPA). That is, project field and laboratory
directors, as well as their agencies and institutions,
should meet SOPA certification standards if these
people or organizations are to work in the state.
Such procedures are common in many other
professions in South Carolina, and are used in a
number of other states with appreciable success.
Finally, professionals archaeologists working
in the state have a responsibility to understand the
major issues and concerns of South Carolina
archaeology. I hope that major synthesis
documents like those recently funded by the South
Carolina Department of Archives and History and
conducted by the membership of COSCAPAencompassing Paleoindian and Early Archaic,
Middle and Late Archaic, and Woodland prehistoric
archaeology, and historic landscapes--continue to
be produced, and receive the full support and
participation of the profession as well as the larger
public.
WHAT CAN WE LEARN IN
THE NEXT 25 YEARS?
In the past quarter-century we have made
important strides in our efforts to understand past
human occupation in South Carolina. While I am
proud of how much we have learned through the
science of archaeology, I am even more painfully
aware of how much more there is to understand. I
would like to close this essay with ten questions
that I would personally like to see answered, or at
least seriously explored in the next 25 years,
hopefully before I too become part of the
archaeological record!
(1) Do major undisturbed Paleoindian kill or
camp sites exist in our state and, if so, what do
they look like? (2) When did human beings first
settle in the South Carolina area, around 11,000
years ago, as is currently thought, or much earlier,
as some have suggested? (3) What kinds of
archaeological remains are present in the
waterlogged marshes and Carolina bays of our
state? Does, for example, South Carolina have its
own submerged sites with remarkable preservation
like Windover or Key Marco? (4) How did Middle
and Late Archaic populations in South Carolina
interact with people in other parts of the region?
(5) Is the spacing of Late Archaic shell rings along
the coast tied to available resources, group
territories, or patterns of interaction, and how do
these sites relate to contemporary sites elsewhere
along the coast and in the interior? (6) Can useful
local Woodland ceramic and projectile point
chronologies be established for various parts of the
state? (7) What was the political geography of this
part of the Southeast like during later Archaic,
Woodland, and Mississippian times, and how and
why did it change over time? 8) Where was the
temple of Talimeco near Cofitachequi that de Soto
saw and, at a larger scale, what kinds of sites
characterize Mississippian settlement along the
Santee-Wateree-Congareedrainage? (9) Where was
Ayll6n's 1526 colony? (10) How did climate
shape human settlement in the South Carolina area
during both the prehistoric and historic eras, and
what lessons does this have for our future?
It is important to evaluate the state of
archaeology in South Carolina from time to time,
as the papers here have attempted to do in
celebration of the 25th anniversary of the ASSC.
Volumes like this help us see where we are, and
help shape where we are going. We have much to
be proud of about the way archaeology is conducted
in South Carolina, but much remains to be done.
I look forward to reading the ASSC's 50th
anniversary volume some time around A.D. 2017,
and seeing what we have made of the opportunities
and challenges that lie before us.
South Carolina Antiquities
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