Download How to make a punnett square A step by step method

Survey
yes no Was this document useful for you?
   Thank you for your participation!

* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project

Document related concepts

Dominance (genetics) wikipedia , lookup

Transcript
How to make a
punnett square
A step by step method
What is a punnett square?
A
punnett square is a diagram used to try
to predict the outcome of a cross
between 2 parents.
 It does not tell us what will happen, but it
does tell us the likelihood that something
will happen.
Monohybrid crosses
 These
are crosses that only look at a single
trait
 Ex: hair color, eye color, albinism
 Ex: What are the chances that my baby
will have brown eyes?
Step 1
 Draw
a box and divide it into 4 squares.
These squares represent the possible offspring
Step 2
 Determine
the
genotypes of the
parents. ____x_____
 Place the alleles for the
genotypes of the
parents on the sides
and top of the square.
 As a general rule, we
put the dad on the top
and the mom on the
side.
R
r
r
R
Step 3
 Now
you multiply
the sides with the
top to get the
genotype of the 4
offspring boxes.
R
R
r
Rr
Rr
r
Rr
Rr
Step 4
 Now
you can see
what the genotypes
of the offspring
would be.
r
 In this case there is
a 100% chance of
the offspring being
r
heterozygous for
the trait because all
4 out of 4 boxes are
capital, lower case.
R
R
Rr
Rr
Rr
Rr
Ratios
 Genotypic
 Ask



your self:
How many homozygous dominants?
How many heterozygous?
How many homozygous recessives?
 Phenotypic
 Ask


yourself:
How many dominant phenotypes?
How many recessive phenotypes?
Let’s Practice
 Homozygous
AA ____
HO
Bb ____
HE
HE
Cc ____
HE
Dd ____
(HO) or Heterozygous (HE)
Ee ____
HE
ff ____
HO
HO
GG ____
HO
HH ____
Determine Phenotype
Purple flowers are
dominant to white flowers
Brown eyes are dominant
to blue eyes
Purple
PP _____________
Purple
Pp _____________
White
pp _____________
Brown
BB ____________
Brown
Bb ____________
Blue
bb ____________
For each phenotype list the
genotype
Straight hair is dominant to
curly.
Pointed heads are dominant
to round heads.
SS
PP
____________
straight ____________
pointed
____________
straight ____________
pointed
Ss
Pp
ss
pp
____________
curly
____________
round
Problem #1
Step 1
 In
Draw punnett square
pea plants, spherical
seeds (S) are dominant to
dented seeds (s). In a
genetic cross of two plants
that are heterozygous for
the seed shape trait, what
fraction of the offspring
should have spherical
seeds?
Problem #1
Determine the genotype of parents, and
place alleles on punnett square
Ss
Ss
 In pea plants,
 ________
x ________
spherical seeds (S) are
dominant to dented
S
s
seeds (s). In a genetic
cross of two plants
that are heterozygous
for the seed shape
trait, what fraction of
the offspring should
have spherical seeds?
S
s
Step 2
Problem #1
pea plants,
spherical seeds (S) are
dominant to dented
seeds (s). In a genetic
cross of two plants
that are heterozygous
for the seed shape
trait, what fraction of
the offspring should
have spherical seeds?
Ss
 ________
Ss
x ________
S
s
s
 In
Multiply sides to get possible offspring
Ss
ss
S
Step 3
SS
Ss
Problem #1
3 Interpret
Multiply
Determine
Parent
genotypes
Draw
punnett
square
Step 1
42
the
possible
offspring
SquarePants
rr
Rr
x ________
recently met SpongeSusie  ________
Roundpants at a dance.
R
r
SpongeBob is heterozygous
for his square shape, but
SpongeSusie is round
Rr
rr
(recessive). What is the ratio
of round to square pants?
r
r
 SpongeBob
2:2
Rr
rr
Dihybrid crosses
 Dihybrid
crosses are punnett squares used
to predict the probability of an offspring
having 2 traits at the same time.
 Ex: What are the chances of my baby
having brown eyes AND blond hair.
Step 1
 Draw
a box and
divide it into 16
squares.
Step 2
 Determine
the
genotypes of the
parents
 Ex: cross two pea
plants that are
heterozygous for
yellow peas and round
peas.
 Yellow is dominant to
green and round is
dominant to wrinkled.
 YyRr x YyRr
Step 3
 Determine
all of the
possible gamete
combinations for each
parent by using the
F.O.I.L. or Gremlin
method
 FOIL= first, outside, inside
last
 Ex: YyRr

First- YR
 Outside-
Yr
 Inside- yR
 Last- yr
Gremlin
YyRr
Step 4
 Write
all of the
YR
possible combinations
of alleles on the sides YR
and top of the
Yr
punnett square.
 YR
 Yr
 yR
 yr
yR
yr
Yr
yR
yr
Step 5
 Do
the cross
 Remember
to keep
all of one letter
together and all of
the 2nd letter
together.
YR
Yr
yR
yr
YR
YYRR
YYRr
YyRR
YyRr
Yr
YYRr
YYrr
YyRr
Yyrr
yR
YyRR
YyRr
yyRR
yyRr
yr
YyRr
Yyrr
yyRr
yyrr
Step 6
 Go
through the
results and
determine what the
phenotype of each
offspring would be
Yr
yR
yr
YYRR
YYRr
YyRR
YyRr
Yellow
round
Yellow,
round
Yellow,
round
Yellow,
round
YYRr
YYrr
YyRr
Yyrr
Yellow,
round
Yellow,w
rinkled
Yellow,
round
Yellow,
wrinkled
YyRR
YyRr
yyRR
yyRr
Yellow,
round
Yellow,
round
Green,
round
Green,
round
YyRr
Yyrr
yyRr
Yyrr
Yellow,
round
Yellow,
wrinkled
Green,
round
Green,
wrinkled
YR
YR
Yr
yR
yr
Step 7
 Figure
out the
phenotypic ratio or
answer whatever
question they ask
you.
 9:3:3:1
 Example:
what are
the chances of
having a yellow
and wrinkled pea?
 3/16
Yr
yR
yr
YYRR
YYRr
YyRR
YyRr
Yellow
round
Yellow,
round
Yellow,
round
Yellow,
round
YYRr
YYrr
YyRr
Yyrr
Yellow,
round
Yellow,w
rinkled
Yellow,
round
Yellow,
wrinkled
YyRR
YyRr
yyRR
yyRr
Yellow,
round
Yellow,
round
Green,
round
Green,
round
YyRr
Yyrr
yyRr
Yyrr
Yellow,
round
Yellow,
wrinkled
Green,
round
Green,
wrinkled
YR
YR
Yr
yR
yr
Let’s Practice
 Determine
the gametes for the following cross:
heterozygous tall plant with heterozygous yellow
seeds with another of the same genes. Tall and
yellow are dominant
F.O.I.L
TtYy
First-TY
Outside- Ty
Inside- tY
Last- ty
Gremlin
TtYy
Problem #4
bt
bt
bt
bt
5
6
Fill
Analyze
in4the
results
square
Determine
gametes and place on square
Step 3
17
Draw
punnett
square
2 and
Determine
Answer
question(s)
genotypes
 In horses, black is dependent
upon a dominant gene (B),  ________
BBTT x ________
bbtt
and chestnut color upon its
BT BT
BT BT
recessive allele (b).
BbTt
BbTt
BbTt
BbTt
chestnut, chestnut, chestnut, chestnut,
 The trotting gait is due to a
trotting Bb
trotting
trottingBbtrotting
dominant allele, (T), the
BbTt
BbTt
BbTt
BbTt
chestnut, chestnut,
chestnut, chestnut,
pacing gait to its recessive
trotting
trotting
trotting
trotting
allele, (t).
BbTt
BbTt
BbTt
BbTt
Bb
Bb
chestnut, chestnut, chestnut, chestnut,
 Cross a homozygous black,
trotting
trotting
trotting
trotting
homozygous trotting horse
BbTt
BbTt
BbTt
BbTt
chestnut,
chestnut,
chestnut,
chestnut,
with a chestnut, pacing
trotting
trotting
trotting
trotting
horse.
What percentage of offspring could be
chestnut and pacing? 0%
Problem #5
5
6
Fill
Analyze
in4the
results
square
Determine
gametes and place on square
Step 3
17
Draw
punnett
square
2 and
Determine
Answer
question(s)
genotypes
Suppose the alpha male and
alpha female of a wolf pack
nnbb x ________
NnBb
 ________
are black with blue eyes and
nb
nb
nb nb
normal colored with brown
NnBb NnBb
NnBb
NnBb
eyes, respectively. Assume
normal,
normal,
normal,
normal,
further that normal coat color
brown
brown
brown Bb brown
Bb
(N) is dominant to black (n)
Nnbb
Nnbb
Nnbb
Nnbb
normal,
normal,
normal,
normal,
and brown eyes (B) are
blue
blue
blue
blue
dominant to blue (b). The
nnBb
nnBb
nnBb
nnBb
Bb
Bb
black,
black,
black,
black,
female is also heterozygous for
brown
brown
brown
brown
both traits.
nnbb
nnbb
nnbb
nnbb
What fraction of the offspring
black,
black,
black,
black,
blue
blue
blue
blue
could have the following
genotypes?

nb
nB
Nb
NB

NNBB: 0/16 NnBb: 4/16 nnbb: 4/16
Problem #6
fs
fS
Fs
FS
Fill
in4the
square
Determine
gametes and place on square
Step 3
15
Draw
punnett
square
2 and
Determine
genotypes
 Carrion beetles lay their eggs
in dead animals and then
FfSs x ________
FfSs
 ________
bury them in the ground until
FS
Fs
fS
fs
they hatch. Assume that the
FFSS
FFSs
FfSS
FfSs
preference for fresh meat (F) is
fresh,
fresh,
fresh,
fresh,
shallow Bb
shallow
shallowBbshallow
dominant to the preference
FFSs
FFss
FfSS
for rotted meat and that the
fresh,
fresh,
fresh,
shallow
deep
shallow
tendency to bury the meat
shallow (S) is dominant to the
Bb
Bb
tendency to bury the meat
deep. Suppose a female and
male carrion beetle
heterozygous both traits mate.
What is the phenotypic ratio?
Problem #6
Step 7
5 Answer
6
Fill in thequestion(s)
Analyze
results
square
Carrion beetles lay their eggs in
dead animals and then bury them
FfSs x ________
FfSs
 ________
in the ground until they hatch.
Assume that the preference for
FS
Fs
fS
fs
fresh meat (F) is dominant to the
FFSS
FFSs
FfSS
FfSs
preference for rotted meat and
fresh,
fresh,
fresh,
fresh,
shallow Bb
shallow
shallowBbshallow
that the tendency to bury the
FFSs
FFss
FfSS
Ffss
meat shallow (S) is dominant to
fresh,
fresh,
fresh,
fresh,
the tendency to bury the meat
shallow
deep
shallow
deep
deep. Suppose a female and
FfSS
FfSS
ffSS
ffSs
Bb
Bb
fresh,
fresh,
rotted,
rotted,
male carrion beetle heterozygous
shallow
shallow
shallow
shallow
both traits mate. What is the
fS
Fs
FS

fs
phenotypic ratio?
FfSS
Ffss
ffSs
ffss
fresh,
shallow
fresh,
deep
rotted,
shallow
rotted,
deep
Fresh/shallow: fresh/deep: rotted/shallow: rotted/deep
9:3:3:1