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INTRODUCTION TO GREEK GRAMMAR
Lesson 21
Aorist Passive Participle
The Genitive Absolute
Proper Names
1. Vocabulary:
ajggeli>a, hJ
message
ajpostalei>v
second aorist passive participle of ajposte>llw
grafei>v
2nd aorist passive participle of gra>fw
diskoni>a, hJ
ministry
di>akonov, oJ
deacon
didacqei>v
1st aorist passive participle of dida>skw
ejkei~
(adverb) there
ejpiqumi>a, hJ
lust
eujquJv, eujqe>wv
(adverb) immediately1
iJma>tion, to>
garment
kefalh>, hJ
head
loipo>v, -h>, -o>n
remaining
swthri>a, hJ
salvation
fulakh>, hJ
guard, prison
Review the lesson on the aorist passive indicative (Lesson 16). All first aorist passive participles will be
like lu>w in the following paradigm. The first aorist passive participle will have the -qe- which is the sign of the
aorist passive form (the sixth principle part). The second aorist passive drops the -q- but retains the -e- and the
same third declension type ending.
2. First Aorist Passive Participle of luw:
Singular
Feminine
luqei~sa
luqei>shv
luqei>sh|
luqei~san
Neuter
luqe>n
luqe>ntov
luqe>nti
luqe>n
Feminine
luqei~sai
luqeisw~n
luqei>saiv
luqei>sav
Neuter
luqe>nta
luqe>ntwn
luqei~si(n)
luqe>nta
3. Second Aorist Passive Participle of gra>fw:
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
grafei>v
grafei~sa
Nom. & Voc.
grafe>
n
tov
grafei>
shv
Gen & Abl.
grafe>nti
grafei>sh|
Loc., Inst., Dat.
grafe>nta
grafei~san
Acc.
Plural
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
grafe>n
grafe>ntov
grafe>nti
grafe>n
Nom. & Voc.
Gen & Abl.
Loc., Inst., Dat.
Acc.
Masculine
luqei>v
luqe>ntov
luqe>nti
luqe>nta
Plural
Nom. & Voc.
Gen & Abl.
Loc., Inst., Dat.
Acc.
1
Masculine
luqe>ntev
luqe>ntwn
luqei~si(n)
luqe>ntav
Both forms are used in the New Testament, eujqu>v about 51 times, eujqe>wv about 36 times.
Neuter
grafe>ntev
gradei~sai
grafe>nta
Nom. & Voc.
grafe>ntwn
grafeisw~n
grafe>ntwn
Gen & Abl.
grafei~si(n)
grafei>saiv
grafei~si(n)
Loc., Inst., Dat.
grafe>ntav
grafei>sav
grafe>nta
Acc.
The aorist passive participle has an irregular accent, the accent on the nominative singular masculine not
being recessive. In other forms the rule for noun accenting is followed, except in the genitive and ablative plural
of the feminine (see Lesson 4).
There is no augment on the aorist passive participle. Augments are only found on a word in the
indicative mode. The stem of the aorist passive can be learned by dropping the augment and personal ending
from the sixth principle part of the verb.
4. Review of Participles:
Predicate
lu>wn
Present
Active
loosing
luo>menov
Middle
loosing for himself
luo>menov
Passive
being loosed
lu>sav
Aorist
Active
having loosed
lusa>menov
Middle
having loosed for himself
luqei>v
Passive
having been loosed
Attributive
oJ lu>wn
Present
Active
he who looses; the man who
oJ
luo>
m
enov
Middle
he who looses for himself
oJ luo>menov
Passive
he who is being loosed
oJ lu>sav
Aorist
Active
he who loosed
oJ lusa>menov
Middle
he loosed for himself
oJ luqei>v
Passive
he who has been loosed
Keep in mind that the translations are possibilities but only the context can tell which is the best for a
specific sentence.
5. The Genitive Absolute:
A circumstantial participle and a noun or pronoun in the genitive case (with which the participle agrees)
form the construction called the genitive absolute, provided that the noun or pronoun in the construction does
not refer to a person or thing mentioned elsewhere in the sentence. The participle may have its object and other
modifiers. The genitive absolute has no grammatical connection with the main sentence. Compare these two
sentences:
a. eijpo>ntev tau~ta oiJ ajpo>stoloi ajph~lqon. = “After having said these things the apostles went away.” The
subject of the sentence, ajpo>stoloi, has a direct connection with the participle eijpo>ntev which accounts for
the participle being in the nominative plural form.
b. eijpo>ntwn tau~ta tw~n maqhtw~n oiJ ajpo>stoloi. = “After the disciples had said these things, the apostles
went away.” There is no grammatical or direct connection between the participle and the subject in this
sentence. The participle with its noun is said to be “absolute,” i.e., loosed or separated from the main clause
of the sentence.
Note two more examples:
1. le>gontov tou~ dou>lou tau~ta, oiJ maqhtai< dida>skousin. = “While the slave is saying these things,
the disciples are teaching.”
2. genome>nhv hJme>rav oiJ poime>nev ajph~lqon. = “When day came, the shepherds went away.”
6. Proper names:
The declension of jIhsou~v is representative of a large number of proper names of mixed declensions.
Many proper names are indeclinable, especially those of Semitic origin. In the United Bible Societies text,
proper names have the first letter capitalized.