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Biotine (Vitamine B8)
Beschrijving
Biotine (of Vitamine B8) is een wateroplosbaar en zwavelhoudend vitamine uit het vitamine B
complex. Het speelt een belangrijke rol in de groei en herstelprocessen van de huid, vacht en hoeven
van het paard. Ook draagt het bij aan het functioneren van het zenuwstelsel.
Biotine is in geringe mate beschikbaar in het voedsel, maar wordt het aangemaakt door microorganismen in het darmstelsel van het paard. Om het biotine niveau op peil te houden, is het van
belang om de conditie van de darmflora gezond te houden.
Biotine treedt op als co-enzym dat er onder andere voor zorgt dat koolhydraten en eiwitten worden
omgezet in energie, en draagt daarmee bij aan de energiehuishouding. Daarnaast versterkt het de
hoeven en geeft het glans aan de vacht.
EU geregistreerde health claims
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Biotin contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism
Biotin contributes to normal functioning of the nervous system
Biotin contributes to normal macronutriënt metabolism
Biotin contributes to normal psychological function
Biotin contributes to the maintenance of normal hair
Biotin contributes to the maintenance of normalmucous membranes
Biotin contributes to the maintenance of normal skin
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Literatuur / bronnen
Via Wikipedia: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotine
Biotine wordt ook met vitamine H of vitamine B8 aangeduid.[2] Biotine is instabiel onder invloed van
zuurstofgas en uv-licht.
Biotine speelt bij mensen een belangrijke rol bij de vet- en suikerstofwisseling en de productie van
vetzuren. Biotine is nodig voor de opname van vitamine C uit de ingewanden.
Biotine heeft co-enzym-eigenschappen die het in staat stellen koolhydraten en eiwitten om te zetten
in energie en deel te nemen in de productie van prostaglandinen uit essentiële vetzuren.
Biotine is de co-factor (prosthetische groep) van de enzymen carboxylasen (specifieker:
carboxytransferasen). De werking van dit enzym zorgt ervoor dat in het organisme koolstofdioxide
gefixeerd wordt.
Andere belangrijke toepassingsgebieden van biotine zijn groei en herstelprocessen van de huid, het
haar, de nagels, de zenuwen en het beenmerg. Om die reden wordt het vaak ingezet bij haaruitval en
haargroeiproblemen. Het wordt soms in shampoos verwerkt, maar het effect daarvan is twijfelachtig,
aangezien biotine niet door de huid wordt geabsorbeerd.
Voorkomen
Hoewel dieren het vermogen missen om biotine aan te maken, wordt het wel aangemaakt door
micro-organismen en planten. Daardoor komt het in veel verschillende voedingsmiddelen voor, maar
in het algemeen in lage concentraties. Er zijn maar enkele voedingsmiddelen die biotine in grote
hoeveelheden bevatten, zoals koninginnengelei en bakkersgist.
De beste natuurlijke bronnen van biotine in de menselijke voeding zijn orgaanvlees, zoals lever en
nieren, evenals eierdooier en sommige groenten. Lever bevat ongeveer 1 mg/kg biotine. Fruit, de
meeste groenten en (spier)vlees zijn slechte bronnen en bevatten slechts ongeveer 0,01 mg biotine
per kg.
Voor wat betreft groenten zijn peulvruchten, sojabonen, pinda's, bieten, tomaten, sla en wortelen
goede bronnen, alhoewel de concentraties daar ook relatief laag zijn. Verder nog havervlokken en
rijst.
Opgemerkt moet worden dat het biotinegehalte van voeding kan variëren. Het wordt onder meer
beïnvloed door factoren als plantensoort, seizoen en raffinage (in geval van granen).[3]
Biologische beschikbaarheid
De biologische beschikbaarheid van biotine varieert enorm, maar is gemiddeld genomen minder dan
50%. In sommige granen, zoals maïs, is de biologische beschikbaarheid bijna 100%, terwijl deze in
andere granen, zoals tarwe, niet meer dan 5% is.[3]
Synthese in de darm
Darmbacteriën kunnen biotine samenstellen, maar de synthese van deze vitamine kan worden
aangetast door antibiotica en andere medicijnen.
Deficiëntie
Biotinetekort kan optreden bij het eten van grote hoeveelheden rauw ei, omdat ei-eiwit avidine
bevat, dat aan biotine bindt en de opname daarvan in de darm blokkeert. Verhitting inactiveert
avidine, waardoor bij consumptie van gekookte of gebakken eieren geen gevaar meer bestaat voor
biotinedeficiëntie. Biotine bindt aan avidine en aanverwante eiwitten (streptavidine en neuravidine),
met een affiniteitsconstante K van 1015 M-1.
Een biotinetekort uit zich in huidverstoringen, haaruitval, zwakke nagels, bloedarmoede, depressies,
vermoeidheid, spierpijn, verhoogde cholesterol, ontsteking van de tong, en tintelingen of
gevoelloosheid in armen en benen.
Via The Horse: http://www.thehorse.com/articles/10120/hoof-supplements-feeding-the-feet
Hoof supplements are big business. It only takes a cursory glance around any tack shop or feed store
to realize that they're everywhere. They've got catchy names and labels, and lists of ingredients as
long as your arm, all purported to help your horse grow tougher, shinier, more durable hooves.
Poor hoof quality is a complaint common to the owners of many types of sport horses, with
Thoroughbreds likely being the worst offenders. And we all know the adage, "no hoof, no horse." So,
it's natural that we look to nutrition to address our horse's pedal infirmities. But what do we really
know about how nutrients translate into hoof horn?
Some of the feed ingredients promoted as hoof strengtheners do, in fact, have some dependable
research behind them; others are based only on folklore or a manufacturer's assertions. Let's have a
look at where your money is best spent.
Nourishing The Hooves
First, remember that any inadequate diet--whether it's deficient in protein, energy, vitamins, or
minerals--will eventually make itself felt throughout the horse's body. He'll have a dull coat, poor
muscle tone, no energy, and the growth of his hooves will be slower than normal, resulting in
splitting, cracking, and difficulty holding a shoe. Take such an undernourished horse and provide him
with a complete and balanced diet, and all of those conditions gradually will correct themselves. He'll
grow better hoof horn, and produce it faster, because his body is being supplied with the raw
materials he needs to do so.
Sometimes, though, horses grow poor-quality hooves despite receiving optimum nutrition. To some
extent, we might have to blame genetics; while we have been busy selecting for qualities like speed,
fancy movement, or jumping ability, we have neglected to breed specifically for good hoof horn. But
it's also possible that we don't yet fully understand which nutrients contribute to quality hoof
growth, and that our horses' diets might not be quite as correct as they appear.
The search for a recipe for tough, resilient hooves is nothing new; folk remedies, like feeding
powdered gelatin, have been recommended by farriers and veterinarians for years. (Recent clinical
trials have demonstrated pretty conclusively that gelatin doesn't work, by the way.) At various times,
any number of nutrients have been implicated in hoof growth, but biotin, a B vitamin, has received
the bulk of the attention over the past couple of decades.
As a nutrient, biotin is involved in glucose metabolism, the processes of cell growth and division, and
the utilization of other B vitamins such as niacin. Because it contains sulfur, an element needed (in
minute quantities) for the formation of the reinforcing bonds between strands of collagen, biotin
plays a role in the health of all connective tissues (tendons, cartilage, and ligaments, to name three),
as well as the haircoat and the hooves.
Reliable research supporting the use of biotin to encourage better hoof growth in horses, however,
has been rather slow to surface; most of the reasoning behind supplementing equine diets with this
vitamin comes from studies in other species, including poultry and pigs. In many animals, various
types of hoof and/or foot lesions have been treated successfully by supplementing biotin, so it's a
reasonable assumption that it might do the same in horses--but it's only in the last 10 years or so
that research has begun to confirm this suspicion.
In one telling 1991 study, 42 Lipizzan stallions at the Spanish Riding School in Vienna, Austria,
participated in a double-blind examination of biotin supplementation. Over the course of two years,
26 of the stallions received 20 mg of biotin daily in their feed, while another 16 stallions received a
placebo. The conditions of the horses' hooves (which had been crumbly, thin, and had a tendency to
crack at the weight-bearing border) was documented to have improved after they had been on the
biotin for a period of nine months (with improvement being defined as a decreased incidence of hoof
cracks, less crumbling of the horn, and greater measurable tensile strength). Further improvement in
the hoof condition scores continued throughout the remainder of the study period. Meanwhile, the
placebo group's hoof condition scores remained unchanged. This and a couple of other similar
studies have at last demonstrated with some degree of certainty that there's something to biotin
supplementation.
Mind you, there's still much we don't understand. For instance, we're still not entirely sure why
biotin should need to be supplemented in horses at all. Many feeds, particularly growing forage
plants (pasture), have what appears to be a more-than-adequate biotin content. On top of that, the
helpful fiber-digesting bacteria in the equine cecum seem to manufacture enough B vitamins for all
of a horse's daily needs as part of their normal metabolism. There is some question as to how much
of those B vitamins are absorbed by the horse; they are created in the large intestine, while the
primary site of absorption of vitamins is back in the small intestine. Equine digestive systems being
one-way, the nutrients generated by the gut microflora might pass through the horse's system
largely unused. No one is yet sure how much might be utilized.
Regardless, true biotin deficiencies have never been documented in horses except when they've
been artificially induced (and that takes some doing). Feeding biotin at a level that has an impact on
hoof growth is not really a matter of correcting a deficiency; it's considerably over and above that. In
essence, it's taking a nutrient and feeding it at a level beyond normal requirements, at which it really
becomes a therapeutic medication (the technical term is hyperalimentation). Fortunately, biotin, like
all B vitamins, is water soluble, which means it is not stored in the horse's tissues. The body uses
what it needs on a daily basis, and excretes any extra in the urine. That means there's very little
chance of a horse developing a biotin toxicity, even when fed amounts many times greater than he
needs for maintenance metabolism.
Why do some horses seem to need more than the maintenance amount of biotin? The jury's still out
on that question. It might be because those horses don't absorb or utilize biotin as well as other
horses, or they might simply have a higher requirement than horses with naturally good-quality hoof
horn. But the fact remains that some horses with poor-quality hooves appear to respond positively
to biotin supplementation. Not all do--and what separates the horses which respond from those
which don't is another mystery.
It's worth noting, too, that there's still a considerable amount of controversy over what constitutes
the "optimum" level of biotin for good hoof growth. Because of its high safety margin, many
supplement manufacturers have taken the "if some is good, more is better" approach. The truth is
that no one really knows the best dosage. The best guess we have at this point is that horses might
be able to utilize about 15 to 20 mg of full-activity biotin per day.
Partners In Hoof Growth
It takes more than biotin to build a better hoof. In fact, Eleanor Kellon, VMD, notes in her book,
Equine Supplements and Nutraceuticals: A Guide to Peak Health and Performance Through Nutrition,
that, "Only an estimated 2% of horses with hoof problems have an uncomplicated biotin deficiency."
Several other dietary ingredients might influence the formation and strength of the insoluble protein
called keratin, which makes up most of the hoof wall. Three sulfur-bearing amino acids--methionine,
cystine, and cysteine--are largely responsible for the cross-linking that helps give the hoof material
sturdiness and resiliency. They play a role in the maintenance of the skin, tendons, ligaments, and
cartilage as well. Methionine, in particular, has attracted some attention because it's an essential
amino acid (meaning the horse's body can't produce it on its own). Preliminary research, based
mostly on pigs (animals with a monogastric digestive tract similar to horses), suggests that
deficiencies of methionine in the diet might contribute to poor hoof quality, as well as tendon and
ligament disorders and poor adaptation to exercise. There's very little hard data about the specific
requirements of methionine in the equine diet at present, but it seems reasonable to supplement
this amino acid if poor hoof quality is a problem--you'll find methionine listed on the label of many
hoof supplements. All three of the sulfur-bearing amino acids can be found in good-quality protein
sources, such as soybean meal.
Another nutrient that has been implicated in hoof quality is zinc. This trace mineral is involved in the
health and integrity of hair, skin, and hooves (as well as immune function), and some nutritionists
suspect that the majority of equine diets are deficient. Zinc is present in most horse feeds as well as
in hay, but at levels too low to meet the recommended levels for good health; only wheat bran
seems to have an adequate supply. For this reason, most com-mercially mixed feeds have
supplemental levels of zinc added, but if you're feeding whole grains, or only forage, your horse
won't benefit from this.
Adding zinc to the diet is a bit of a tricky business, because the absorption of this mineral is linked to
the dietary levels of many other trace minerals, including copper and iron. Too much of one mineral
will interfere with the absorption rate of another. Strict ratios of minerals need to be observed. (For
one example, it's best to maintain a ratio of three parts zinc to every one part copper ingested.)
Some sup-plement companies have improved ab-sorption rates of both zinc and copper by binding
them to a protein molecule, a process called chelation. Look for ingredients such as "zinc
methionine" on the label of a hoof supplement to ensure you're buying a chelated product.
The good news is that while we might not have established an optimum level of zinc for good hoof
health, it has a very low risk of toxicity, so there's a considerable margin of safety in its use. Any time
you supplement zinc in the diet, however, you should make sure that your horse also is receiving
some supplemental copper (either in the hoof supplement itself, or in the feed).
Other nutrients that might play an indirect role in hoof quality include fatty acids, manganese,
selenium, vitamin C, and other B vitamins. Any or all of these might make an appearance on the label
of your hoof supplement; manufacturers like to hedge their bets, after all.
In a couple of cases, toxic levels of nutrients can contribute to weak hooves. For example, vitamin A
ingested in excess causes a rough hair coat, skin disease, fragile bones, weakness, and brittle hoof
horn. The only practical way to achieve vitamin A toxicity in your horse is to over-feed supplements
that contain this vitamin, especially when you combine the supplements with alfalfa hay (which is
rich in beta-carotene, a nutritional precursor to vitamin A). The cure is to balance the diet and stop
supplying any-thing in excess of 30,000 IU per day.
Be careful with selenium, as well. This trace mineral is important as a partner with vitamin E in
immune function, but it has a very low toxicity level. At levels as low as 3.3 mg/kg of feed, selenium
can be poisonous. In addition to symptoms such as a loss of hair from the mane and tail, it can cause
the hooves to separate at the coronary band and slough off. You really can have too much of a good
thing.
New Growth
One of the most important things to know about hoof supplementation is that it's far from an instant
fix. You can't really repair a cracked or crumbly hoof; you can only try to encourage better growth
from the coronary band down.
It's estimated that most light and draft horses grow new hoof wall at a rate of about seven to nine
millimeters a month (or a quarter to a third of an inch). So, if there's improvement in the quality of
the hoof, it will take from six to nine months, on average, to make its way down to the point where
your farrier can trim it.
There's no denying the popularity of hoof supplements; in a survey of 501 readers of The Horse,
more than 50% said they fed a supplement designed to improve hoof appearance or growth. Not all
horses ingesting such supplements have problem feet, however; many owners feel they'll do some
good by supplementing on a preventative level (though there's little data one way or the other on
this approach).
Fed in the recommended amounts, the vast majority of hoof supplements will do no harm to your
horse, but beware of feeding higher levels than suggested on the label, or doubling up with multiple
supplements. Feeding too much of some nutrients can do more harm than good--excess sulfur, for
example, blocks the production of collagen, the exact opposite of what you're hoping to achieve!
If you decide to feed a hoof supplement, be prepared to persevere for at least six months; it will take
that long to begin to notice any improvement. (After a year if you don't see any difference, it might
be that your horse is not going to respond to the product.) Remember to close the container tightly
to keep the more perishable of the ingredients from degrading due to sunlight or moisture. If you're
using a powdered formulation, mix or shake it up periodically to keep the contents from settling or
separating.
This might go without saying, but don't expect the supplement to take the place of knowledgeable
farriery. Regardless of the quality of his hoof horn, no horse is going to have functional feet if he's left
for months without correct shaping and trimming of his hooves.
Lijst toepasbare claims uit Koag Kag
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haar
abnormale haargroei (lokaal)
haaruitval
kaal, kalende
verminderde haargroei
haargroeiproblemen
heft kaalheid op
roos
hoofdluis
roodheid a.g.v. afschilfering van de hoofdhuid
conditie van het haar
geeft weer glans aan het haar
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HUID
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Huidverzorging
gevoelige huid
bij rode en gevoelige huid (alleen uitwendig gebruik)
bij droge en gevoelige huid
bij uitgedroogde huid
bij geprikkelde huid (uitwendig)
ruwe en schrale huid
bij gesprongen huid (door koude, droge lucht)
schrale plekken
ruwe huid wordt zacht en glad
voor in- en uitwendige huidverzorging
voedt en beschermt de huid
verzachtend
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toegelaten
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nee
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vochtinbrengend
voor het behoud van het vochtevenwicht in de huid (bij oraal
produkt)
regenereert het bindweefsel van de huid
goed voor het bindweefsel in de huid
helpt rimpelvorming te vertragen (uitwendig gebruik)
houdt de huid elastisch (uitwendig gebruik)
anti-huidveroudering (uitwendig gebruik)
anti-aging van de huid (uitwendig gebruik)
houdt de huid jong en strak (uitwendig gebruik)
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huidregenererend
beschermt de huid tegen veroudering
vertraagt de gevolgen van het ouder worden (uitwendig)
vertraagt de gevolgen van het ouder worden (inwendig)
couperose (acne rosacea)
bij een sinaasappelhuid
geschaafde huid / schaafwond
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de beschadigde huid
schaafwondjes/schaafwonden
wondjes
bij geschaafde huid
smetten
huidinfecties (voorkomen van)
irritatie van de huid/huidirritatie
ruwe en schrale huid
schilfering van de huid
bij oppervlakkige/lichte huidaandoeningen
aanbrengen op de aangetaste huid
ondersteunt het herstellend vermogen van de huid
kleine huidprobleempjes
netelroos
koortslip/koortsblaasjes
verzorging van lipblaasjes*
decubitus/doorliggingsplekken (voorkomen van)
verzorging van doorligplekken (van de intacte huid)
decubitusprofylaxe
blauwe plekken
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diverse huid
gevoelige huid
tegen jeuk
bij lichte jeuk
netelroos
bestrijdt allergieën
allergisch eczeem, ter verlichting van symptomen vanbij (over)gevoeligheid voor …
bij gevoeligheid voor…
bij broze nagels (alleen uitwendig gebruik)
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versterkt de nagels
bij eelt
bij kloofjes (alleen uitwendig gebruik)
verwijderen van wratten
cosmetische verzorging van wratten (alleen bij uitwendige toepassing)
likdoorns, eksterogen en eeltknobbels
verzorging van likdoorns, eksterogen en eeltknobbels*
zweertjes of pustels (kleine)
zweetafscheiding (lokaal en uitwendig gebruik)
onaangename lichaamsgeur
desinfecteren
ontsmetten
beschermt tegen zon (in- en uitwendige toepassing)
sneller bruin worden (in- en uitwendige toepassing)
beschermt tegen UV-straling (in- en uitwendige toepassing)
bij een zongevoelige huid (in- en uitwendige toepassing)
bevordert bruin worden/bruinen (bij in- en uitwendige toepassing)
verzorging van ouderdomsvlekken (alleen bij uitwendige toepassing)
tepelkloven, ter verzorging en verzachting van (alleen uitwendig
gebruik)
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toegelaten
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