Download Mesurer le Bien-Être et le Progrès des Sociétés

Mesurer le Bien‐Être et le Progrès des Sociétés
Présentation au Conseil Économique et Social et au Conseil Supérieur pour un Développement Durable
Martine Durand Chef Statisticien and Directrice des Statistiques, OCDE
Luxembourg, 18 Janvier 2012
Presentation outline
•Need for better measures of well‐being and progress
•OECD response and other initiatives
•OECD Better Life Initiative
•What’s next?
2
Need for better measures…
3
GDP is a key economic measure….
… for monitoring macro‐economic activity
•Needed for macro‐economic policies
•Output and productivity, capacity utilisation
•Competitiveness
•Demand for jobs
4
…. but not a metric of well‐being
GDP is not a good measure of well‐being because:
•It includes economic activities that either reduce well‐being or that remedy the costs of economic growth
•It does not reflect households’ economic resources well
•It excludes many of the dimensions that matter for well‐
being (e.g. people’s attributes, non‐market activities)
•It does not inform on whether well‐being can last over time
5
GDP is an imperfect proxy of household income
2009 or latest available year
1995 or first available year
% of GDP
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
Source : OECD, National Accounts database
6
Higher tides do not necessarily lift all boats
Point changes in Gini coefficient, from mid-1980s to late-2000s
Source : OECD Income distribution and poverty database
7
Money is not all that counts
Average life evaluation and GDP per capita across countries
8.0
DNK
CAN
NOR
SWE AUS NLD CHE
7.5
ISR
NZL
7.0
BRA
FIN
GBR
BEL
FRA
MEX
OECD Average
AUT
IRL
USA
LUX
ISL
DEU
CHL
ITA
6.5
SVK
KOR
6.0
CZE
ESP
JPN
GRC
POL
‐5.5
SVN
TUR
IDN
ZAF
IND
RUS
EST
PRT
5.0
CHN
HUN
4.5
4.0
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
GDP per capita
8
OECD response and other initiatives
9
The OECD response …
•OECD has been leading the international reflection on Measuring Progress for nearly 10 years
• We organised three World Fora on “Statistics, Knowledge and Policies” (Palermo, 2004; Istanbul , 2007; Busan, 2009) to advance discussions
• We rallied support through the Istanbul Declaration and launched the Global Project in partnership with other organisations in 2007 10
Today: strong political support
•President Sarkozy set up the Stiglitz‐Sen‐Fitoussi Commission (SSFC) in 2009
•EU Communication on “GDP and beyond” and EU 2020 Agenda (2009 and 2010)
•G20 Leaders statements in 2009, 2010 and 2011
•Conclusions of OECD Ministerial Council (2010)
•Many national initiatives in developed and developing countries
11
Regional and National Initiatives
• National initiatives on well‐being, e.g.:
– Japan growth strategy; Korea programme on measuring well‐
being
– Public consultations in Australia, Italy, Spain, UK, Luxembourg
– Parliamentary Commissions in Denmark, Germany, Norway
– Development of new indicators in France – China five‐year plan and “livelihood index”
• International and Regional initiatives on well‐being
– EU Statistical System: proposing 50 recommendations and actions following‐up on the SSFC and the “GDP and beyond”
communication
– Bhutan‐UN resolution on greater importance to well‐being when implementing measures on social and economic development
12
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The OECD Better Life Initiative
Building on almost 10 years of OECD work under the Global Project
Now moving to measuring what matters most in PEOPLE’s life
OECD@50: Better policies for better lives
Focus
• Households and people, not just GDP
• Outcomes, not inputs or outputs
• Assessing inequalities alongside averages
• Including both objective and subjective aspects of well‐being
Scope
• Well‐being here and now –Quality of Life
–Material Living Conditions
• Well‐being in the future
–Sustainability
The OECD well‐being framework
Measurement approach
• Relevance of indicators
–
–
–
–
face‐validity
easily understood, unambiguous interpretation
amenable to policy changes
possibility of disaggregation by population groups
• Quality of supporting data – official and well‐established sources; non‐official data used as place‐
holders in a few cases
– comparable/standardised definitions
– maximum country‐coverage
– recurrent data collection
• Significant documentation and testing
• No Composite Index
No country performs best in all dimensions
Number of green lights out of 22 headline indicators
Average country performance by dimension
60%
Number of red lights out of 22 headline indicators
Source : OECD calculations
Strengths and weaknesses differ among countries Source : OECD calculations
Inequalities in well‐being : income Large income inequalities in many OECD countries…
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
Gini coefficient, 2008 or latest year available
Source : OECD Income distribution and poverty database
Inequalities in well‐being: health Low‐income people report lower health status
100
90
Highest income quintile
Lowest income quintile
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Source : OECD Health Data; EU‐SILC
Inequalities in well‐being: social connections Lower‐educated and lower‐income people also have….
.…weaker social ties
95
….lower trust in others
40
35
90
30
85
25
80
20
15
75
10
70
5
0
65
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Education
1
2
3
4
5
Income quintile
Percentage of people reporting that they have someone to count on in times of need, 2010
Primary Secondary
Tertiary
Education
1
2
4
Income quintile
Percentage of people reporting trusting others, 2010 Source : Gallup World Poll
3
5
Axis Title
Well-being is both objective and subjective
90
For every person assaulted there are ten who feel unsafe
80
self-reported victimisation
70
feelings of insecurity
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentage of the population, 2010
Source : UNODC and Gallup World Poll
Other people matter for one’s subjective well‐being
Life satisfaction goes up with social ties
8
With friends to count on
Without friends to count on
7
6
5
4
3
2
Source: Gallup World Poll
Environmental sustainability
Demand‐based CO2 emissions grew faster than production‐based emissions in the OECD area
Production
Demand
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
OECD
Other major economies
Production‐based and demand‐based CO2 emissions,
Rate of change per year, 1995‐2005
Source : OECD, Towards Green Growth: Monitoring Progress – OECD Indicators
An evolutionary process
• Now: – Evidence based on existing data; all indicators reviewed by National Statistical Offices
– But not all indicators satisfy all quality criteria equally well 
How’s Life? identifies the statistical agenda ahead
• In future:
– New and improved indicators as results from OECD work, research and other initiatives become available
– More than just environmental sustainability (economic, human and social)
OECD research on well‐being
• OECD committed to deliver on measurement agenda –
–
–
–
–
Developing guidelines on subjective well‐being
Integrating inequalities in National Accounts
Developing standards for measuring household wealth and joint distribution of income, consumption and wealth
Measures of household non‐market production
Green Growth Indicators; Human and social capital
• In collaboration with National Statistical Offices and other international organisations Involving the public
• Engaging with civil society has been one of the goals of the OECD‐hosted Global Project
• How’s Life? is accompanied by interactive web tool (Your Better Life Index) aimed at involving the public
Your Better Life Index
What matters most to people ?
Source : OECD calculations
Age makes a difference
Health, Governance and Environment become more important with age
1
While income, jobs and work‐life balance become less important
Housing
Housing
Income
10.5%
Income
10.5%
Jobs
Community
10.0%
Jobs
Community
10.0%
Education
9.5%
Environment
Governance
9.0%
Education
9.5%
Environment
Governance
9.0%
Health
8.5%
Life satisfaction
Health
8.5%
Life satisfaction
Safety
8.0%
Work and Life
balance
7.5%
Safety
8.0%
Work and Life
balance
7.5%
15‐24
25‐34
35‐44
45‐54
55‐64
>=65
15‐24
25‐34
Source : OECD calculations
35‐44
45‐54
55‐64
>=65
What’s next?
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What’s next?
• Extending the well‐being agenda to developing countries as part of the new OECD Development Strategy • Promoting effective use of new measures for policy‐making
• Continued engagement with civil society What’s next?
Preparatory Regional Conferences for Latin America, Asia‐Pacific, Africa and Europe in 2011 and 2012
4th OECD World Forum on Measuring and Fostering the Progress of Societies, New Delhi, October 2012
Consultation with a wide range of stakeholders
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Thank you
http://www.oecdbetterlifeinitiative.org/
http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/
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