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Transcript
The Immune system 40-1 Virus with antiBodies attached T cell attacking cancer cell 40-2 bacteria virus Purpose • To fight infection by producing cells that inactivate foreign substances. • Nonspecific defenses: act like a fortress wall • Specific defenses: act like security guards Nonspecific defenses: 1st line of defense • Skin: the first line of defense. Layers of dead cells make a barrier. • Oil and sweat glands: make an acid environment that kills bacteria. • Mouth, nose, eyes: mucus, saliva and tears have enzymes that destroy bacteria entering. • Nose hairs trap bacteria. 2nd line of defense: Inflammatory response • fever A non-specific reaction to tissue damage or infection. • Increased white blood cells- engulf bacteria. Phagocyte eating a parasite • Fever: higher body temp. slows growth of pathogens. • Interferon: proteins that disrupt viral replication. Hepatitis C and interferon Specific defenses: the immune response • Triggered by an antigen (viruses, bacteria, etc.) • Plasma cells release antibodies: proteins shaped like a ‘Y that bind to the antigen and prevent it from infecting cells. • B cells provide immunity against invaders in the bodily fluids. • Memory B cells prevent a future infection: Humoral immunity Cell mediated immunity • A body can defend itself against its own cells if they become infected or cancerous. • T cells killer T cells • The killer T cells will destroy the infected cells. • Memory T cells will respond if the antigen returns. Killer T cells attacking a cancer cell Organ transplants • Our cells recognize another person’s cells as foreign, and attack them. • Organ recipients must take drugs that suppress their I.S. to avoid organ rejection for the rest of their lives. Active immunity • Vaccinations introduce a weakened or dead pathogen into the body. • Without getting sick, the body makes antibodies, arming the immune system. • If you are exposed later, you will not get sick. Flu shot Passive immunity • A mother’s antibodies transfer to her child in utero and with her breast milk, giving her baby protection against diseases. Immune system disorders 40-3 Pollen, rheumatoid arthritis, dust mite, HIV, asthma Allergies • An overreaction of the immune system • Allergens (pollen, dust, mold) attach to mast cells, which release histamines. • Body response: sneezing, excess mucus, itching • Meds: antihistamines Asthma • An allergic reaction that causes a chronic respiratory disease. • Smooth muscles that line the airways contract, thick mucus clogs the smaller passageways • #1 cause of serious illness in children. • No cure, but treatments are available. Autoimmune diseases • Happens when the I.S. attacks a body’s own cells by mistake. • Type I diabetes: antibodies attack insulinproducing cells of the pancreas. • Multiple sclerosis: antibodies destroy the myelin sheath of neurons in the brain and spine. AIDS, an immunodeficiency disease • Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus. • It attacks and destroys cells of the immune system itself (helper T cells). • The body’s defenses against any disease are eventually destroyed, and the person will die from AIDS. T cell (green) with HIV viruses HIV • HIV virus is capable of mutating. • Multiple drug resistant strains develop as the virus evolves. Maintaining health • Eat a healthful diet. • Get regular exercise and enough rest. • Abstain from harmful activities. • Get regular medical and dental checkups. Review 1. The purpose of the immune system is….. 2. Some diseases of the immune system are………….. 3. We can prevent disease by………