Download Anthurium cordatum (L.) Schott in Wiener Z. Kunst 3

Anthurium cordatum (L.) Schott in Wiener Z. Kunst 3: 828, 1829.
Pothos cordatus L. in Sp. Pl. ed. 2 1373, 1763.
Anthurium concinnum Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 301, 1857.
Anthurium fallax Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 309, 1857.
Anthurium guildingii Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 301, 1857.
Anthurium isertianum Schott in Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum 493, 1860.
Anthurium commutatum Schott in Bonplandia (Hannover) 10: 148, 1862.
Anthurium colocasiifolium Devansaye in Rev. Hort. 1879: 452, 1879.
Anthurium crenatum (L.) Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 75, 1841.
Pothos crenatus L. in Sp. Pl. ed. 2 1373, 1763.
Pothos scolopendrius Spreng. in Novi Provent. 34, 1818.
Anthurium acaule var portoricensis Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 738, 1891.
Anthurium acaule var scolopendrium (Spreng.) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 739,
1891.
Anthurium acaule var brevipes Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 362, 1898.
This species is characterized by its usually narrowly oblanceolate, short-petiolate blades
which have conspicuously raised tertiary and reticulate venation on drying and sometimes even on live plants, and by its long-pedunculate inflorescence, which is usually
pendent, with a long-tapered, dark purplish violet to maroon spadix and a promptly
withering, linear-oblong spathe.
Figure 2: Distribution of Anthurium crenatum (L.) Kunth sec CATE Araceae, 2009
Northwestern part of the West Indies, where it is known from the Dominican Republic,
Puerto Rico, and the small islands to the east of Puerto Rico, namely Vieques, Culebra,
St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and St. Croix (all but Vieques are part of the U.S. Virgin
Islands). Also recorded in the Leeward Islands and the Windward Islands.(8)
Epiphytic or epilithic, sometimes forming dense clumps; stem to 9 cm long; roots
moderately dense, spreading to descending, pale green pubescent, elongate, blunt, 3-4
mm diam.; cataphylls subcoriaceous, narrowly lanceolate, weakly 1–ribbed near apex,
9.5-13 cm long, narrowly acute at apex with a subapical apiculum, light green, drying reddish brown (B & K yellow 5/2.5), persisting semi-intact, eventually deciduous.
LEAVES erect to spreading; petioles 2.5-29.5 cm long, 4-17 mm diam., sharply to
bluntly D-shaped, shallowly and broadly sulcate adaxially, the margins sharp but not
raised, rounded to 3-ribbed abaxially, the surface weakly pale-speckled; geniculum
slightly thicker and paler than petiole, 0.6-1.3 cm long; blades moderately coriaceous,
broadly to narrowly oblanceolate or elliptic, sometimes ± oblong, acute to acuminate at
apex (the acumen apiculate), acute (rarely weakly subcordate) at base, (18)23-100 cm
long, 4-28 cm wide broadest near or above the middle, the margins sinuate to undulate;
upper surface semiglossy, medium to dark green, lower surface weakly glossy to semiglossy, paler; midrib acutely angled at base, gradually becoming weakly sunken near
the apex above, prominently higher than broad at base, becoming prominently convex
toward the apex below, paler than surface; primary lateral veins 8-18 per side, departing midrib at (30)40-75° angle, ± straight to arcuate-ascending to the margin, raised
above, convexly raised below; tertiary veins weakly raised above and below, darker
than surface, drying prominently raised; reticulate veins weakly visible above, prominulous and slightly darker than surface below, conspicuously raised when dried; collective vein arising in the upper ? of the blade or absent, 5-12 mm from margin. INFLORESCENCES erect to spreading or pendent; peduncle 19-72 cm long, 3-7 mm diam.,
l.6-14.4 x as long as petiole, green, terete to ellipsoid in cross section; spathe erect
to spreading, subcoriaceous, sometimes flushed pink or maroon, usually light green
(B & K yellow-green 7/10), linear-oblong, with the margins curled under, 4-14.5 cm
long, 0.4-1.5 cm wide, acuminate at apex, obtuse to rounded at base; spadix reddish or
purplish violet to maroon (dull, dark bluish purple fide S. Mayo, 1982), long-tapered,
somewhat curved, 6.5-25 cm long, 3-8 mm diam. near base, 2.5-4 mm diam. near apex,
broadest at the base; flowers scented like rotting fruit prior to anthesis, rhombic to
square, 1.5-3 mm long, 1.6-2.2 mm wide, the sides prominently and smoothly sigmoid;
5-8 flowers visible in principal spiral, 8-1 2 in alternate spiral; tepals matte to weakly
glossy, densely, minutely papillate; lateral tepals 0.6-1.4 mm wide, the inner margins
straight to rounded, the outer margins 2-sided; pistils emergent 2-3.5 mm, glossy, green;
stigma linear, 0.2-0.4 mm long, brushlike; stamens emerging in a slow, regular sequence
from the base, the laterals preceding the alternates by 10 spirals; filaments translucent,
broader than anthers, ca. 0.5 mm long; anthers 0.3-0.6 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide; thecae oblong-ellipsoid to oblong-ovoid, weakly divaricate; pollen yellow-orange, fading
to white (B & K yellow 8/5). INFRUCTESCENCE spreading-pendent; spathe withered, usually deciduous; spadix to 2.5 cm diam.; berries bright red (B & K red 4/5),
obovoid, glossy, 8-10 mm long, 5-6 mm diam.; mesocarp mealy, white, sweet, becoming acrid; seeds tan to pale yellow, oblong-elliptic, 3.8-6 mm long, 2-2.8 mm wide,
1.5-1.8 mm thick, with a short gelatinous appendage at apex.(8)
From near sea level to 900 m.(8)
It occurs principally in humid forests. "Dry evergreen woodland" is noted for Mori &
Woodbury 16999, from St. John.(8)
Anthuriurn crenaturn is not easily confused with any other species and is the only member of sect. Pachyneuriurn in the areas where it occurs. It is perhaps most closely allied
to A. crassinerviurn of northern South America and Curaçao. Anthuriurn crenaturn has
been confused since Schott's time with A. acaule (Jacq.) Schott. See the discussion of
the history of this taxonomic confusion by Mayo (1982), whose paper dealing with the
West Indian bird's nest Anthurium species demonstrates that A. acaule is actually a
completely different species endemic to Martinique and is probably a member of sect.
Urospadix, with most of its relatives in Brazil. Howard (1979) erroneously associates
the name A. acaule with A. hookeri.(8)
Anthurium dominicense Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 350, 1858.
Anthurium dominicense var sintenisii Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 418, 1898.
Anthurium dussii Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 403, 1898.
Figure 4: Distribution of Anthurium dussii Engl. sec CATE Araceae, 2009
West Indies. Guadeloupe.(2)
Stem thick, shortened; cataphylls more than 1 dm [10 cm] long, slightly thick.
LEAVES: Petiole compressed laterally, broadly and deeply canaliculate above; about
1/5 as long as blade (about 5-6 cm long); geniculum about 6 mm long, thick; blades
coriaceous, bright green on both sides, narrowed from the middle toward the base and
the apex somewhat equally, subacute at the base, acute at the apex, about 3.5 dm [35
cm] long, 8-9 cm wide at the middle; primary lateral veins about 12-15 pairs, ascending,
joined in a collective vein in the middle of the blade about 1 cm from the margin; another antemarginal vein 2 mm from the margin accumbent upward from the marginal vein;
secondary lateral veins (nervis) and primary lateral veins (venis?) a little more slender
than primary veins. INFLORESCENCE: Peduncle half as long as the blade (about 3
dm [30 cm] long); spathe lanceolate, acuminate, short-decurrent at the base, 1.2 dm [12
cm] long, about 1.2 cm wide; spadix elongate, stipitate 3-4 mm, about 1.2 dm [12 cm]
long, 6-7 mm diam. at the base, mildly attenuate upward from the middle, dark purple;
tepals scarcely longer than wide, about 1.5 mm long, dark purple; ovary ovoid.(2)
Blooming in April.
In dry forests, at the base of trees, not frequent.(2)
Anthurium grandifolium (Jacq.) Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 7, 1841.
Pothos grandifolius Jacq. in Collectanea 4: 121, 1791.
Pothos coriaceus Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 262, 1796.
Anthurium macrophyllum (Sw.) Schott in Wiener Z. Kunst 3: 828, 1829.
Strepsanthera macrophylla (Sw.) Raf. in Fl. Tellur. 4: 13, 1838.
Anthurium hahnii Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 481, 1881.
Anthurium longispathum Carrière in Rev. Hort. 1888: 498, 1888.
Anthurium wullschlaegelii Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 434, 1898.
Anthurium hookeri Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 74, 1841.
Pothos acaulis Dryand. in Hort. Kew. 1: 268, 1810.
Pothos crassinervius Hook. in Bot. Mag. 57: t. 2987: , 1830.
Anthurium amplum Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 77, 1841.
Anthurium varians Miq. in Hort. Amstelod. 90, 1853.
Anthurium neglectum Miq. in Cat. Hort. Amstelod. , 1853.
Anthurium huegelii Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 5: 83, 1855.
Anthurium hookeri f longicuneatum Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 363, 1898.
Anthurium hookeri var longicuneatum (Engl.) Engl. in Pflanzenr. , IV, 23B: 71,
1903.
Figure 6 a) Anthurium hookeri b) Anthurium hookeri
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Anthurium palmatum (L.) Schott in Wiener Z. Kunst 3: 828, 1829.
Pothos palmatus L. in Sp. Pl. ed. 2 1374, 1763.
Anthurium pentaphyllum Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 81, 1841.
Anthurium andersonii Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 325, 1857.
Anthurium fissum K.Koch in Index Aroid. 102, 1864.
Anthurium elegans Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 1: 482, 1881.
Figure 8 a) Anthurium palmatum 1999 4350 b) Anthurium palmatum 1980 554
Figure 9: Distribution of Anthurium palmatum (L.) Schott sec CATE Araceae, 2009
Lesser Antilles, St. Lucia to Guadeloupe.(5)
Scandent epiphyte to 5 m tall. Stem green, terete, 1.5-3 cm thick, the internodes 2-6 cm
long. Cataphylls triangular, to 10 cm long, soon deciduous. LEAVES: petiole 40-100
cm long; lamina coriaceous, glossy deep green, 5-11 pedatifid, the segments connate
at the base, in larger leaves the central 1-3 segments may be free at the base but with
the lamina extending to the geniculum and the segments not petiolulate, the segments
oblanceolate, 25-40 cm long, 4-6 cm broad, broadest near the apex, with a 1-2 cm
long acumen, attenuate at the base. INFLORESCENCE: Peduncle 1/2 - 5/6 the petiole length, 20-70 cm long. Spathe green, lanceolate, 6-18 cm long, 8-20 mm broad.
Spadix sessile or stipitate, cylindric, tapered, 8-16 cm long in flower, 5-8 mm thick.
INFRUCTESCENCE: Berries red, ovoid, rounded at the apex.(5)
Anthurium palmatum as here delimited was considered by Engler (1905) to represent
four species in two sections of the genus. This segregation was based on differences
in relative size and number of divisions of the leaf, and degree of connation of the segments. However, the specimens seem best interpreted as a single, somewhat variable,
species distributed among the four islands. It apparently represents a long-distance dispersal from continental South America, where closely related species are found (see
discussion under A. expansum [Madison 1978]). The absence of A. palmatum from the
intervening islands of St. Vincent and Grenada is notable.(5)
Anthurium scandens subsp scandens in Unknown , .
Pothos violaceus Sw. in Prodr. 32, 1788.
Dracontium repens Descourt. in Fl. Méd. Antilles 7: t. 499: , 1829.
Anthurium violaceum (Sw.) Schott in Melet. Bot. 22, 1832.
Anthurium violaceum f angustifolium Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 68, 1841.
Anthurium violaceum f latifolia Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 68, 1841.
Pothos leucocarpus Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 68, 1841.
Anthurium leucocarpum Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 5: 53, 1857.
Anthurium brachyspathum K.Koch & C.D.Bouché in Allg. Gartenzeitung 233,
1857.
Anthurium dolosum Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 179, 1858.
Anthurium rigidulum Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 180, 1858.
Anthurium virgosum Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 9: 100, 1859.
Anthurium scandens var ovalifolium Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 357, 1898.
Anthurium scandens var sodiroi Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 357, 1898.
Anthurium scandens f angustifolium Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 355, 1898.
Anthurium micranthum K.Krause in Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 6: 113,
1914.
Anthurium scandens var latifolium K.Krause in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem
11: 606, 1932.
Epiphytic creeper; stems usually less than 1 m long; roots numerous along stem, ca.
3 mm diam., gray-green; cataphylls 3-6 cm long, drying brown, weathering to reticulate fibers and persisting around stem. LEAVES spreading; petioles sharply sulcate,
rounded abaxially, 2-8.5 cm long, 2-3 mm diam.; geniculum 2-3 mm long, nearly obscure; blades ovate-elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, moderately thick, (3.5)6-13 cm long,
(1.5)2-5 cm wide, short-acuminate at apex, acute to rounded at base; upper surface semiglossy, lower surface conspicuously brown punctate; the midrib acutely raised above,
diminished and sunken in apical half of blade, convexly raised below; primary lateral veins 3-10 per side (sometimes more), departing midrib at 35°-40° angle, weakly
sunken above, ± obscure above and below; collective vein arising from the base, extending straight to apex, 3-5 mm from the margin. INFLORESCENCE erect to pendent,
shorter than leaves; peduncle 1.5-6.5 cm long, 1-1.3 mm diam., equalling or longer than
petioles; spathe pale green, ovate to narrowly ovate, 8-16 mm long, ca. 4 mm wide, reflexed at anthesis, abruptly acuminate at apex; spadix yellow-green, sometimes becoming lavender, 1.3-2 cm long, 2-3 mm diam. midway; flowers rhombic, 2-4 mm in both
directions, the sides straight to sigmoid; 2-3 flowers visible in either spiral; tepals semiglossy, lateral tepals ca. 1.2 mm wide, the inner margin weakly concave to ± straight;
pistil greenish-white, scarcely emergent; stigma brush-like, exserted, ca. 0.2 mm long;
stamens emerging in a prompt and complete sequence from the base, held at edge of
tepals and inclined over pistil; anthers white; thecae ovate, somewhat divaricate; pollen
white. INFRUCTESCENCE spreading, the spathe persisting; spadix 2.5-3.5 cm long,
to 7 mm diam.; berries usually pale violet to almost white, sometimes purple, obovoid,
rounded at apex, 5-8 mm wide; seeds 1 or 2 per locule, pale yellow, ovoid, ca. 2 mm
long, 1 mm wide.(6)
Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engl. in Fl. Bras. 3(2): 78, 1878.
Dracontium scandens Aubl. in Hist. Pl. Guiane 2: 836, 1775.
Figure 11 a) Anthurium scandens 1989 1296 b) Anthurium scandens 1989 1296a
Figure 12: Distribution of Anthurium scandens (Aubl.) Engl. sec CATE Araceae,
2009
Known from southern Mexico and the West Indies to southern Brazil. This is the most
widespread aroid in the New World and, doubtless, the most ecologically diverse as
well.(6)
Sea level to 2,700 m.(6)
Occurring in tropical moist, premontane wet, tropical wet, premontane rain, and lower
montane rain forest life zones.(6)
The species is a member of section Tetraspermium and is distinguished by its more
or less scandent habit, elongate internodes with usually persistent cataphylls, usually
oblong-elliptic, glandular-punctate blades, reflexed green, more or less ovate spathe,
cylindroid, usually pale green spadix, and pale lavender to almost while berries. Ac-
cording to Sheffer et al. (1980), the great variability in the species is due al least in
part to the fact that it represents a polyploid complex containing diploids, tetraploids,
and heptaploids. The cytology of the group is insufficiently known, so it is not certain
whether the different ploidy levels are correlated with morphological variation. The
species is closely related to A. trinerve, with which it has long been confused. The differences separating the two species are outlined in the key. Anthurium scandens is most
easily distinguished by its spathe, which is reflexed at anthesis, whereas the spathe of
A. trinerve is persistently erect even after anthesis.(6)
Anthurium selloum K.Koch in Index Seminum (B) 1854:: , 1854.
Figure 13: Distribution of Anthurium selloum K.Koch sec CATE Araceae, 2009
Endemic to the West Indies, known only by a few collections, on two of the U.S. and
British Virgin Islands (St. John and Tortola, respectively).(8)
Description based on dried material only. Epilithic; stem and cataphylls unknown.
LEAVES with petioles ca. 34-45 cm long, ca. 7 mm diam., mostly spreading, apparently D-shaped, slightly flattened laterally, sulcate adaxially, with the margins acutely raised, rounded abaxially; geniculum thicker and paler than petiole, 1-1.5 cm long;
sheath 4 cm long; blades subcoriaceous, oblong-ovate, somewhat triangular, acute to
weakly and shortly acuminate at apex (the acumen ca. 10 mm long), broadly and shallowly cordate at base, 36-46 cm long, 14-19 cm wide, broadest in the basal third, the
margins conspicuously and broadly undulate; apex of posterior lobes rounded; sinus
parabolic-arcuate, 3 cm deep; both surfaces weakly glossy, yellowish brown and greenish in part; midrib apparently convexly raised above and below; major veins convexly
raised, paler than surface and yellowish above and below; basal veins 3-4 pairs, 2nd
& 3rd to 4th coalesced for up to 1.3 cm; primary lateral veins 3-5 per side, departing
midrib at 25-45° angle, mostly straight, sometimes arcuate to the margin; interprimary
veins sometimes present, ranging from not as conspicuous as to almost as conspicuous
as primary lateral veins; tertiary veins conspicuous above and below; reticulate veins
obscure above, weakly visible below; collective vein arising from uppermost ½ or ? of
the blade, less prominent than primary lateral veins, to 11 mm from margin. INFLORESCENCES apparently ± spreading; peduncle 39-73 cm long, 2-4 mm diam., 1.1-2.1
x as long as petiole, pale green, subterete; spathe semi-erect to reflexed, thinly coriaceous, ale green, oblong-lanceolate, 7.5-13.5 cm long, 0.8-1.4 cm wide, broadest near
the base, inserted at 40-50° angle on peduncle, narrowly acuminate to caudate at apex
(the acumen 10-20 mm long), acute to obtuse at base; spadix dark maroon purple to
brownish purple, long-tapered, sessile, held at 150-170° angle from peduncle, 14-27 cm
long, 6-8 mm diam. near base, 2-3 mm diam. near apex, broadest near the base; flowers
rhombic, 1.6-2.4 mm long, 1.7-2.8 mm wide, the sides jaggedly to smoothly sigmoid;
7-8 flowers visible in principal spiral, 4-6 in alternate spiral; tepals roughened, lateral
tepals 1.1-1.5 mm wide, the inner margins usually broadly convex, sometimes straight,
the outer margins 2-sided; stigma broadly ellipsoid, 0.4-0.6 mm long, densely brushlike; filaments apparently flattened, 0.4-0.5 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide; anthers yellow, 0.5-0.6 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm wide; thecae oblong, not divaricate. INFRUCTESCENCE not seen.(8)
300 m or less.(8)
A member of section Pachyneurium. This species is distinguished by its somewhat
triangular, shallowly cordate leaf blades broadest in the lower third and with 3-4 pairs
of basal veins, and by the long-tapered, dark maroon-purple spadix. It is unlikely to be
confused with any other species in the West Indies, or anywhere else. Engler (1905)
questionably placed Pothos macrophylla Sw. in synonymy with A. selloum, perhaps
based on Schott's (1860) placement of A. selloum in synonymy with A. macrophyllum
Schott.(8)
Anthurium willdenowii Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 71, 1841.
Anthurium swartzianum Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 7: 238, 1857.
Anthurium barbadosense Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 404, 1898.
Figure 14: Distribution of Anthurium willdenowii Kunth sec CATE Araceae, 2009
Brazil. Prov. Rio de Janeiro, Serra da Estrella, on trees and rocks in the forest and
in other places; Prov. Minas Gerais: Itacolumi; Caldas; Sierra de St. Antonio; Nova
Friburgo; Prov. San Paulo; Sierra da Piedade; Prov. St. Catharina, Insel St. Catharina
[St. Catharina Island?]; Rocks near Congonhas Tubarao.(2)
Stem short, thick; cataphylls about 1 dm [10 cm] long, 4-5 cm wide at the base.
LEAVES: Petiole equalling 1/3-1/2 of the blade or a little overtopping, semiterete,
mildly canaliculate, 0.6-2 dm [6 - 20 cm] long, to 1 cm diam.; geniculum 1 cm long,
tumid; blades decidedly coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong, the lowermost cuneate at the
base, 2.5-5 dm [25 - 50 cm] long, 0.8-1.5 dm [8 - 15 cm] wide; narrowed mildly arcuately on both sides, very short-apiculate; apex obtuse and very short-apiculate, midrib
slightly terete; primary lateral veins about 20-30 pairs, spreading openly at about a 90
degree angle, fairly straight, joined in a collective vein along the margin (at the middle, 1/8-1/9 of the way in from the side). INFLORESCENCE: Peduncle shorter than
leaves, 3-5 dm [30 - 50 cm] long; spathe broadly linear-lanceolate, narrowed suddenly
into a cusp, clasping at the base, a little decurrent, finally reflexed, 1-1.4 dm [10 - 14]
long, 1-2 cm wide at the base, less in juvenile specimens; spadix sessile or very shortstipitate (1-2 mm), gradually tapered, longer than spathe, 1-2 dm [10 - 20 cm] long, 5-8
mm diam. at the bottom; Ovary oblong, ovoid.(2)
On trees and rocks in the forest and in other places.(2)
Decidedly allied to Anthurium coriaceum . but differs from it by leaves [being] more
briefly petiolate, [leaves] smaller, collective vein closer to the margin, chiefly by spathe
[being] much narrower and more slender and by spadix [being] slender, gradually tapered. Plant varies by leaves [being] obtuse and largely sharpened at the apex, leaves
more briefly and more largely petiolate. Moreover, juvenile state differs decidedly from
adult. Consequently many different forms exist in herbaria, which species a learner (or
beginner) judges to be easily separated, but I [Engler] have observed the plant for a
long time in cultivation and I [Engler] do not doubt, furthermore that some plants are
enumerated more completely distinguished under the label of varieties rather than under the label of species. [Varieties not accepted here].(2)
Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott in Melet. Bot. 20, 1832.
Arum seguine Jacq. in Enum. Syst. Pl. 31, 1760.
Arum seguinum L. in Sp. Pl. ed. 2 1371, 1763.
Arum crudele Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 261, 1796.
Caladium seguine (Jacq.) Vent. in Descr. Pl. Nov. : t. 30: , 1801.
Caladium maculatum Lodd. in Bot. Cab. 7: t. 608: , 1822.
Caladium seguine var maculatum (Lodd.) Sims in Bot. Mag. 52: t. 2606: , 1825.
Seguinum maculatum (Lodd.) Raf. in Fl. Tellur. 3: 67, 1837.
Dieffenbachia maculata Sweet in Hort. Brit. , ed. 3: 632, 1839.
Dieffenbachia plumieri Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 2: 69, 1852.
Dieffenbachia picta Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 2: 68, 1852.
Dieffenbachia liturata Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 2: 68, 1852.
Dieffenbachia lineata K.Koch & C.D.Bouché in Index Seminum (B) 1853: 14,
1853.
Dieffenbachia robusta K.Koch in Index Seminum (B) 1853: 15, 1853.
Dieffenbachia cognata Schott in Syn. Aroid. 130, 1856.
Dieffenbachia poeppigii Schott in Syn. Aroid. 130, 1856.
Dieffenbachia consobrina Schott in Syn. Aroid. 131, 1856.
Dieffenbachia gollmeriana Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 387, 1858.
Dieffenbachia ventenatiana Schott in Bonplandia (Hannover) 7: 30, 1859.
Dieffenbachia neglecta Schott in Bonplandia (Hannover) 7: 30, 1859.
Dieffenbachia irrorata Schott in Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum 334, 1860.
Dieffenbachia lingulata Schott in Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum 334, 1860.
Dieffenbachia conspurcata Schott in J. Bot. 2: 52, 1864.
Dieffenbachia barraquiniana Verschaff. & Lem. in Ill. Hort. 11: t. 387: , 1864.
Dieffenbachia gigantea Verschaff. in Ill. Hort. 13: 470, 1866.
Dieffenbachia wallisii Linden in Ill. Hort. 17: t. 11: , 1870.
Arum regnium Rodschied ex G.F.Mey. in Esseq. 273, 1871.
Spathiphyllum pictum W.Bull in Cat. 1874: 13, 1874.
Dieffenbachia brasiliensis Veitch in Cat. 1875: 12, 1875.
Dieffenbachia seguine f irrorata (Schott) Engl. in Fl. Bras. 3(2): 175, 1878.
Dieffenbachia seguine f nobilis Engl. in Fl. Bras. 3(2): 174, 1878.
Dieffenbachia picta subvar mirabilis Engl. in Fl. Bras. 3(2): 176, 1878.
Dieffenbachia seguine var lingulata (Schott) Engl. in Fl. Bras. 3(2): 175, 1878.
Dieffenbachia seguine f viridis Engl. in Fl. Bras. 3(2): 174, 1878.
Dieffenbachia seguine f liturata (Schott) Engl. in Fl. Bras. 3(2): 175, 1878.
Dieffenbachia grandis Engl. in Monogr. Phan. 2: 447, 1879.
Dieffenbachia nobilis Verschaff. ex Engl. in Monogr. Phan. 2: 446, 1879.
Dieffenbachia mirabilis Verschaff. ex Engl. in Monogr. Phan. 2: 448, 1879.
Dieffenbachia decora Engl. in Monogr. Phan. 2: 446, 1879.
Dieffenbachia verschaffeltii Engl. in Monogr. Phan. 2: 446, 1879.
Dieffenbachia variegata Engl. in Monogr. Phan. 2: 446, 1879.
Dieffenbachia magnifica Linden & Rodigas in Ill. Hort. 30: t. 482: , 1883.
Dieffenbachia jenmanii Veitch ex Regel in Gartenflora 1884: 365, 1884.
Dieffenbachia picturata L.Linden & Rodigas in Ill. Hort. 39: 101, 1892.
Dieffenbachia illustris Voss in Vilm. Blumengärtn. ed. 3 , 1: 1172, 1895.
Dieffenbachia picta var latior Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 569, 1899.
Dieffenbachia seguine var robusta (K.Koch) Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 568,
1899.
Dieffenbachia picta subvar angustifolia Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 569, 1899.
Dieffenbachia picta subvar gigantea (Verschaff.) Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26:
569, 1899.
Dieffenbachia picta subvar jenmanii (Veitch ex Regel) Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
26: 569, 1899.
Dieffenbachia picta subvar memoria Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 570, 1899.
Dieffenbachia picta subvar magnifica (Linden & Rodigas) Engl. in Bot. Jahrb.
Syst. 26: 570, 1899.
Dieffenbachia picta var angustior Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 569, 1899.
Dieffenbachia seguine var lineata (K.Koch & C.D.Bouché) Engl. in Pflanzenr. ,
IV, 23Dc: 48, 1915.
Dieffenbachia seguine subvar wallisii (Linden) Engl. in Pflanzenr. , IV, 23Dc: 47,
1915.
Dieffenbachia seguine var viridis (Engl.) Engl. in Pflanzenr. , IV, 23Dc: 45, 1915.
Dieffenbachia seguine var ventenatiana (Schott) Engl. in Pflanzenr. , IV, 23Dc:
48, 1915.
Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G.S.Bunting in Baileya 10: 145, 1963.
Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. in Apont. 578, 1859.
Lemna angolensis Welw. in J. Bot. 3: 112, 1865.
Lemna perpusilla var trinervis Austin in Manual , ed. 5: 479, 1867.
Lemna paucicostata Hegelm. in Lemnac. 138, 1868.
Lemna trinervis (Austin) Small in Fl. S.E. U.S. 230, 1903.
Lemna minima Blatt. & Hallb. in J. Indian Bot. 2: 50, 1921.
Lemna blatteri McCann in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 42: 153, 1942.
Lemna eleanorae McCann in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 42: 154, 1942.
Lemna leiboensis M.G.Liu & C.H.Hou in J. Southwest. Agric. Coll. (Chongqing)
1983(4): 58, 1983.
Lemna aoukikusa T.Beppu & Murata in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 36: 55, 1985.
Lemna aoukikusa subsp hokurikuensis T.Beppu & Murata in Acta Phytotax.
Geobot. 36: 56, 1985.
Figure 16 a) Lemna aequinoctialis b) Lemna aequinoctialis K000499403
Seeds with 8-26 distinct ribs, fall out of fruit wall after ripening; wing of the root sheath
1-2.5 times as long as wide; mostly one papaule above the node which is smaller than
the one near tthe tip. Found in warmer regions of the whole world.(7)
Figure 17: Distribution of Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. sec CATE Araceae, 2009
Distribution Subtropical and tropical regions of the whole world; introduced to more
northern regions by rice cultures.(7)
Fronds 1-6.5 mm long, 0.8-4.5 mm wide, 1-3 times as long as wide; usually with one
papule which is located on the upper surface above the node and is smaller than the
one near the tip; wing of the root sheath 1-2 1/2 times as long as wide. INFLORESCENCE: Plants often flowering and fruiting. INFRUCTESCENCE: Fruit 0.5-0.8 mm
long, 0.4-0.7 mm wide, not winged; style 0.05-0.20 mm long; seed 0.45-0.80 mm long,
0.3-0.7 mm thick, brownish, with 8-26 distinct longitudinal and 30-80 lateral ribs, falls
out of the fruit wall after ripening; outer seed coat with 2-4 subepidermal cell layers.(7)
Lemna minuta Kunth in Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 372, 1817.
Lemna minima Phil. ex Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 299, 1895.
Lemna minuscula Herter in Revista Sudamer. Bot. 9: 185, 1954.
Lemna valdiviana Phil. in Linnaea 33: 239, 1864.
Lemna minuta Raf. in Med. Repos. Original Essays Intelligence Phys. 5: 353, 1808.
Lemna torreyi Austin in Manual , ed. 5: 479, 1867.
Lemna cherokensis Schwein. ex Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 298, 1896.
Lemna cyclostasa Elliott ex W.Thomps. in Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 9:
35, 1898.
Monstera adansonii var adansonii in Unknown , .
Monstera pinnatifida Schott in Wiener Z. Kunst 4: 1028, 1830.
Monstera jacquinii Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: 66, 1854.
Monstera imrayana Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 9: 40, 1859.
Monstera seemannii Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 9: 40, 1859.
Monstera macrophylla Schott in Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum 362, 1860.
Monstera pertusa var jacquinii (Schott) Engl. in Fl. Bras. 3(2): 113, 1878.
Monstera protensa Schott ex Engl. in Monogr. Phan. 2: 263, 1879.
Juvenile: leaves falcate, the lamina 3 – 4 times longer than broad. Adult stem: 1.5 –
2.5 cm thick, internodes 2 – 3 cm long. Petiole: 25 – 40 cm long, the sheath wings
persistent. Lamina: ovate to elliptic, 14 - 20 cm wide, 35 – 50 cm long, the length more
than twice the width, midrib somewhat falcate, lateral veins mostly arising at an angle
less than 60 deg with the midrib, the leaf base cuneate to bluntly acute; the margin
entire; perforations 1 to 5 in number on each side, ovate to elliptic, 2.0 – 3.5 cm wide,
5 – 8 cm long. Peduncle: subterete, about 1.1 cm thick, 15 – 22 cm long. Spathe: pale
yellow, 16 – 23 cm long, twice the length of the spadix or more. Flowering spadix:
cream to pale yellow, 1.1 – 1.5 cm thick, 8 – 11 cm long; pistils prismatic, truncate at
the apex, 4.0 – 4.5 mm long. Fruiting spadix: pale yellow, 1.8 – 2.2 cm thick, 10 – 13
cm long. Madison 1977: 38(4)
Monstera adansonii Schott in Wiener Z. Kunst 4: 1028, 1830.
Dracontium pertusum L. in Sp. Pl. 968, 1753.
Calla dracontium G.Mey. in Prim. Fl. Esseq. 197, 1818.
Calla pertusa (L.) Kunth in Syn. Pl. 1: 129, 1822.
Monstera pertusa (L.) de Vriese in Hort. Spaarn-Berg. 40, 1839.
Philodendron pertusum (L.) K.Koch & C.D.Bouché in Index Seminum (B) 1848:
11, 1848.
Scandent epiphyte 2 – 4 (-6) m tall. Juvenile: terrestrial creeper, stem smooth, green,
terete, internodes 1 – 6 cm long; petiole vaginate for 1/3 to 5/6 its length, the lamina
widely ovate to narrowly elliptic, entire or perforated at a very early stage when only 5
– 10 cm long. Adult stem: subterete, green, smooth, 1.5 – 3.0 cm thick, the internodes
3 – 10 cm long; leaf scars shallow, 3 – 10 mm wide at the widest point, the ends of
each leaf scar overlapping for 3 – 6 mm; axillary buds longer than wide, located in
a depression which is not extended into a sulcus. Petiole: smooth, 20 – 60 cm long,
somewhat shorter than the lamina, vaginate to the geniculum, the wings of the sheath
deciduous or persistent, the geniculum 3 – 5 cm long. Lamina: subcoriaceous, glossy
adaxially, very widely ovate to elliptic, 25 – 70 cm long, 15 – 45 cm wide, the base
cuneate to broadly truncate, sometimes oblique and unequal, being cuneate on one side
and truncate to subcordate on the other side, the tip acute or shortly mucronate; margin
entire, rarely irregularly laciniate, perforations absent to numerous in several series on
each side of the midrib; primary lateral veins parallel, 8 – 16 in number, secondary
lateral veins parallel to the primaries. Peduncle: smooth, green, subterete to flattened,
9 – 22 cm long, 1.0 – 1.4 cm thick, 1.1 – 2.0 cm wide. Spathe: cream to pale yellow,
coriaceous, 12 – 28 cm tall, 10 – 25 cm around, acuminate, opening widely at maturity.
Flowering spadix: cream to yellow,cylindric, 8 – 13 cm long, 1.1 – 2.6 cm thick, the
pistils 4 – 7 mm long, truncate or acute at the apex, the lower 6 – 8 rows of flowers
sterile. Fruiting spadix: green, becoming yellow to deep yellow at maturity, 10 – 17 cm
long, 2 – 4 cm thick, the stylar portion of the pistil containing trichosclereids, deciduous,
revealing the seeds in a gray pulp. Berries mostly one-seeded, the seeds brown or black,
5 – 7 mm long, 4 – 6 mm wide, 2 – 3 mm thick. Madison (1977: 36)(4)
Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott in Arac. Betreff. 1: 4, 1854.
Arum arborescens L. in Sp. Pl. 967, 1753.
Caladium arborescens (L.) Vent. in Descr. Pl. Nov. : t. 30: , 1801.
Caladium arboreum Kunth in Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 80, 1816.
Caladium aculeatum G.Mey. in Prim. Fl. Esseq. 274, 1818.
Arum aculeatum (G.Mey.) Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. 1: 73, 1821.
Pleurospa reticulata Raf. in Fl. Tellur. 4: 8, 1838.
Philodendron arboreum (Kunth) Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 48, 1841.
Philodendron arborescens (L.) Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 48, 1841.
Montrichardia aculeatum (G.Mey.) Crueg. in Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 12: 25, 1854.
Montrichardia arborea (Kunth) Schott in Syn. Aroid. 72, 1856.
Montrichardia fendleri Schott in Gen. Aroid. : t. 49: , 1858.
Montrichardia splitgerberi Schott in Bonplandia (Hannover) 7: 29, 1859.
Montrichardia arborescens var aculeata (G.Mey.) Engl. in Fl. Bras. 3(2): 127,
1878.
Philodendron consanguineum Schott in Syn. Aroid. 88, 1856.
Philodendron angustatum Schott in Syn. Aroid. 103, 1856.
Philodendron krebsii Schott in Bonplandia (Hannover) 7: 164, 1859.
Philodendron wrightii Griseb. in Cat. Pl. Cub. 219, 1866.
Philodendron marginatum Urb. in Symb. Antill. 4: 135, 1903.
Philodendron fuertesii K.Krause in Symb. Antill. 7: 172, 1912.
Philodendron urbanianum K.Krause in Symb. Antill. 7: 172, 1912.
Figure 23: Distribution of Philodendron consanguineum Schott sec CATE
Araceae, 2009
Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico.(13)
Plant high creeping epiphyte, with clasping roots from the nodes. In the juvenile phase,
stem with internodes 2.2-8.5 cm long, 0.2-0.8 cm in diameter; cataphyll 8.4-14 cm
long, 1.0-2.8 cm wide, triangular, greenish-white (when fresh), falling. Leaf with blade
13.5-23.5 cm long, 5-11 cm in diameter, sagittate to elongate ovate, with apex acute,
apiculate; basal lobes short, 0.4-4.3 cm long. Petiole 10-13 cm long, 0.1-0.3 cm in diameter. In the adult phase, stem with internodes 6.7-20.4 cm long, 0.4-1.2 cm in diameter, the outer layer of the cortex on the stem becoming detached. Leaves with blade
18.3-38 cm long, 10.3-19.1 cm wide, coriaceous, ovate, oblong, with apex acute to
rounded, apiculate at the extreme; base deeply cordate , with basal lobes 1.5-7.0 cm
long, close (almost never imbricate), forming a parabolic sinus, lobes 0.17-0.20 the
length of the blade; primary lateral veins numerous, subequal, crowded, often 3-5 pairs
slightly more evident than the rest, with an intramarginal vein which runs all the way
round the blade very close to the margin. Petiole semiterete, slightly flattened adaxially,
11.9-28.5 cm long, 0.2-0.5 cm in diameter, 0.6-0.7 the length of the blade; sheath 3-9
cm long, evident when subtending an inflorescence, 0.2-0.3 the length of the petiole.
INFLORESCENCE: Peduncle 7.3-13.5 cm long, 0.3-0.6 cm in diameter. Spathe 6-10
cm long, 1.9-4.0 cm wide, convolute, with true constriction in the middle of the blade,
externally reddish brown, internally ivory-white (when fresh). One inflorescence per
axil. Spadix with the apical zone male, fertile, 2.0-5.2 cm long, 0.4-1.0 cm wide, pale
pink (when fresh); intermediate sterile male zone 1.2-1.8 cm long,0.5-1.0 cm in diameter; basal female zone 1.2-2.3 cm long, 0.6-1.0 cm in diameter, greenish-yellow (when
fresh), ovaries 3-4 locular.(12)
Philodendron giganteum Schott in Syn. Aroid. 89, 1856.
Figure 24 a) Philodendron giganteum b) Philodendron giganteum c) Philodendron
giganteum d) Philodendron giganteum e) Philodendron giganteum f) Philodendron giganteum g) Philodendron giganteum
Insert your new text here
Figure 25: Distribution of Philodendron giganteum Schott sec CATE Araceae, 2009
Puerto Rico to Trinidad, Brazil (Pará).(13)
Stem scandent, thick, internodes short. LEAVES: Petiole robust, smooth, rather terete,
or somewhat flattened above, 60-70 cm long; Blade coriaceous, broadly cordate-ovate,
50-80 cm long, 40-60 cm wide, posterior lobes broadly semi-ovate or obliquely semi-orbicular, slightly introrse, 13-18 cm long, 20-28 cm wide, separated by a deep parabolic
sinus; anterior lobe ca. 4 times longer than the posterior lobe, narrowing in a slightly
arcuate line towards the apex, eventually apiculate, midrib strong, flat on upper side,
primary lateral veins thick, 3 basal ones joined together into a short posterior rib which
is denuded for ca,. 3 cm in the sinus, 2 free basal veins, 5 costal veins distant from each
other, spreading openly from the midrib, curving upwards, disappearing near the margin, secondary lateral veins more slender than the primary veins. INFLORESCENCE:
Peduncle 3-4 cm long, 1.5 cm thick. Spathe tube purple or ochre-yellow in fruit, oblong,
internally blood-red, 6-8 cm or 1 cm longer in fruit, blade pale green, becoming ochreyellow, sub-lanceolate, convolute, apex acuminate, 10-14 cm long, 4-5 cm wide. Spadix
sessile, female zone thick, cylindric, 3-4 cm long, 2-3 cm thick when flowering, in fruit
6-7 cm long, 3.5-4 cm thick; male zone yellowish-white, elongate-conoid, sterile part
4 cm long, 2-3 cm thick, fertile part curved forward above the sterile part, 10 cm long,
1.8 cm wide. Pistil obovoid, 3 mm long, stigma discoid, orbicular, 4-6-locular, ovules
biseriate, almost up to the apex. INFRUCTESCENCE: Berries orange, oblong-cylindric, longitudinally sulcate, 6-7 mm long, 2 mm thick, seeds yellowish, rather thickly
strophiolate [banded], barely 1 mm long.(3)
Philodendron hederaceum var hederaceum in Unknown , .
Philodendron prieurianum Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 3: 378, 1853.
Philodendron cuspidatum K.Koch & C.D.Bouché in Index Seminum (B)
1854(App.): 7, 1854.
Philodendron microphyllum K.Koch in Index Seminum (B) 1854(App.): 7, 1854.
Philodendron scandens K.Koch & Sello in Index Seminum (B) 1853: 14, 1854.
Philodendron micans Klotzsch ex K.Koch in Index Seminum (B) 1854(App.): 7,
1854.
Philodendron oxyprorum Schott in Syn. Aroid. 82, 1856.
Philodendron acrocardium Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 179, 1858.
Philodendron isertianum Schott in Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum 242, 1860.
Philodendron scaberulum C.Wright in Anales Acad. Ci. Méd. Habana 7: 565,
1870.
Philodendron scandens var cuspidatum (K.Koch & C.D.Bouché) Engl. in Bot.
Jahrb. Syst. 26: 528, 1899.
Philodendron pittieri Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 541, 1899.
Philodendron scandens var cubense Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 528, 1899.
Philodendron micans var microphyllum (K.Koch) Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26:
529, 1899.
Philodendron micans var brevipes Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 528, 1899.
Philodendron subsessile Gleason in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 56: 12, 1929.
Philodendron harlowii I.M.Johnst. in Sargentia 8: 91, 1949.
Philodendron miduhoi Matuda in Revista Soc. Mex. Hist. Nat. 11: 95, 1950.
Philodendron scandens subsp prieurianum (Schott) G.S.Bunting in Gentes Herb.
10: 166, 1968.
Philodendron scandens subsp isertianum (Schott) G.S.Bunting in Gentes Herb.
10: 165, 1968.
Philodendron scandens f micans (Klotzsch ex K.Koch) G.S.Bunting in Gentes
Herb. 10: 163, 1968.
Philodendron scandens subsp cubense (Engl.) I.Arias in Feddes Repert. 109: 37,
1998.
Figure 26: Distribution of Philodendron hederaceum var hederaceum sec CATE
Araceae, 2009
The range of P. hederaceum var. hederaceum is essentially that of the species. It is the
most widespread taxon of Philodendron and, indeed, perhaps of all neotropical Araceae,
ranging from San Luis Potosí State in Mexico to the Greater and Lesser Antilles, and
down both slopes of the Andes, east to the Guianas and south to Brazil and Bolivia. In
Central America, the variety occurs on both slopes of the Continental Divide.(10)
Hemiepiphyte; internodes 10--25 cm long, 1--2.5(3.5) cm diam., weakly flattened on
one side, medium green, minutely speckled to striate or smooth when fresh but drying minutely ridged, greenish; cataphylls 6--10 cm long, unribbed, weakly 1-ribbed
or bluntly to sharply 2-ribbed, deciduous intact; LEAVES: petioles (6)10--27(33) cm
long, 6--10 mm diam.; blades (11)16--40(50) cm long, 8--24(34) cm wide; upper sur-
face medium to dark green, velvety when juvenile, drying brown to greenish brown,
lower surface medium green, glossy, drying gray-green to yellow-green; primary lateral veins 2--6 per side, departing midrib at a 35--55º angle. INFLORESCENCES
with peduncle (2)4--16 cm long; spathe 9--17(20 cm long, spathe usually green, sometimes yellowish white, spathe blade sometimes tinged purple outside; spathe tube dark,
sometimes tinged reddish maroon outside; spadix stipitate to 5 mm, 12--18 cm long;
ovary 4--6-locular, 20--25 ovules per locule. INFRUCTESCENCES with many seeds
per locule.(10)
In Mexico, it ranges from sea level to 1200(1500) m elevation, whereas in Middle
America and Panama it ranges mostly to 450 (rarely to 900) meters.(10)
Flowering in Philodendron hederaceum var. hederaceum is rare (known only in October and November) although the species has been found in pre-anthesis condition in
every month of the year. Post-anthesis collections predominate in the dry season and
earliest part of the rainy season from December through May but there are a suprisingly
large number of post-anthesis collections made in November, a month when very little
flowering generally takes place (Croat, 1975, 1978). Mature fruiting collections have
been made from April and May, also indicating that the species may flower predominently in the dry season.(10)
It occurs principally in Tropical moist forest but ranges into Premontane wet forest and
even Tropical wet forest. A single sterile preadult collection from Tropical wet forest
transition to Premontane wet forest in Bajo Calima (Bay 237) is apparently also this
species.(10)
Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott in Wiener Z. Kunst 3: 780, 1829.
Arum hederaceum Jacq. in Enum. Syst. Pl. 31, 1760.
Pothos hederaceus (Jacq.) Aubl. in Hist. Pl. Guiane 2: 840, 1775.
Figure 27 a) Philodendron hederaceum 98023 b) Philodendron hederaceum 98023
c) Philodendron hederaceum 98023 d) Philodendron hederaceum 98023 e) Philodendron hederaceum f) Philodendron hederaceum
Figure 28: Distribution of Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott sec CATE
Araceae, 2009
Ranges throughout the West Indies and from Mexico throughout Central America and
much of South America. In South America it extends from as far south as Los Ríos
Province in coastal Ecuador to Trinidad, Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru,
and Bolivia on the Atlantic drainage of the continent.(10)
Hemiepiphytic vine; growing to often high in trees, stem appressed-climbing, eventually scandent, often pendent, sap clear, turning honey-colored, leaf scars 7--15 mm
long; internodes weakly flattened on one side, sometimes with 2 sharply raised on the
side above the petioles, usually weakly glossy, sometimes matte, pale to medium green,
minutely speckled to striate, usually smooth when fresh, but drying minutely ridged,
sometimes prominently ribbed throughout its circumference (the ribs smooth to prominently warty), (2)10--28 cm long, 1--2.5(3.5) cm diam., dark green, usually drying
green, sometimes reddish; roots brown, to 10 cm long, many at nodes; cataphylls 6--10
cm long, unribbed, weakly 1-ribbed, or bluntly to sharply 2-ribbed, pale green, deciduous; LEAVES: petioles (6)9.7--27(33) cm long, 6--10 mm diam., terete to subterete,
pale green, firm, flattened adaxially, pale green, surface smooth, weakly glossy to matte; blades broadly ovate, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, semiglossy to matte, acuminate
to long acuminate, sometimes cuspidate at apex (the acumen inrolled, 0.5--0.9 mm
long), 11--40(50) cm long, 8--24(34) cm wide (1.2--1.9) times longer than wide), (ca.
1.3(1.5) times longer than petiole), margins hyaline to pale yellowish, upper surface
dark green, sometimes subvelvety, lower surface slightly paler, often purplish violet,
drying gray-green to yellow-green; anterior lobe 9--30(41) cm long, 9--24(29) cm wide
((2)2.4--3.7(6.3) times longer than posterior lobes); posterior lobes 3--10(14) cm long,
4.3--15.7 cm wide, directed inward and sometimes overlapped, obtuse to rounded; sinus usually deeper than broad, mostly spathulate, rarely hippocrepiform, 3--7 cm deep;
midrib convex to flat or sunken, concolorous or slightly paler than surface above, convex, concolorous below; basal veins (3)4--5(6) per side, with (0)1--2 free to base, part
of the remainder coalesced to 1.5--2 cm cm; posterior rib not naked; primary lateral
veins 2--6 per side, departing midrib at a 35--55º angle, more or less straight to the
margins, sunken to weakly raised, slightly paler than surface above, convex and paler
than surface below; minor veins obsured to moderately distinct, arising from both the
midrib and primary lateral veins. INFLORESCENCES erect or pendent, 1 per axil;
peduncle (2-3)4--15.7 cm long, 8--12 mm diam., pale green, sometimes tinged purple,
matte; spathe subcoriaceous to coriaceous, 9--16.6(24) cm long, (0.9--2.6(3.3) times
longer than peduncle), weakly constricted above the tube, 1.3--3.6(5.7) cm diam. at
constriction, usually green, sometimes yellowish white, yellowish green, or cream to
creamy-white throughout; spathe blade sometimes purple tinged outside, 1.2--3.6 cm
diam. when furled, pale green, greenish yellow, sometimes tinged red inside; spathe
tube dark green, sometimes tinged reddish maroon outside, 5--6 cm long, 1.5--4.9(6.9)
cm diam., maroon, dark red, crimson, or purple at base inside; spadix stipitate to 5--10
mm long, dark maroon; 12--20 cm long; pistillate portion pale greenish white to green,
3.5--6 cm long, 1.5 cm diam. at base, 1.7 cm diam. at middle and near apex; staminate
portion 7--11 cm long; fertile staminate portion creamy white to pinkish, broadest at
base, weakly constricted ca. 1 cm above sterile portion then more or less uniform to
near apex, 1.4--2.2 cm diam. at middle, 9 mm diam. ca 1 cm from apex; sterile staminate portion 1.6 cm diam.; pistils 4--9.2 mm long, 1.8--3.1 mm diam.; ovary 4--6(7)locular, 8 mm long, locules 8 mm long, 1.4 mm diam., with axile placentation; ovules
20--25 per locule, 0.1 mm long, 2-seriate; funicle 0.1--0.3 mm long, adnate to lower
part of partition, style 1.1 mm long, 2.9 mm diam., similar to style type B; style apex
flat or somewhat rounded, drying concave with a pale margin and 4--6 paler, flat to
weakly sunken circular areas associated with the stylar pores; stigma 3--4-sided, light
brown to reddish, drying light brown 1.8--3.3 mm diam., 0.35 mm high, margins thin;
sterile staminate flowers blunt, irregularly 4--5-sided, 2.2 mm long, 1.3 mm wide. INFRUCTESCENCE pendent, often on leafless stems; spathe dark green, weakly glossy
outside; pistillate spadix 5--8 cm long, 3.5--4 cm diam.; berries greenish white; seeds
1--2 per locule, somewhat orange, many per berry, more or less ovoid to oblong ellipsoid, (1.5)3--5 mm long, 2.5--4 mm diam., with weak constriction (nipple) and densely covered with raphide cells. JUVENILE plants with upper blade surface dark green,
sometimes reddish green, with glistening minute close papillations, lower surface somewhat maroon; veins less conspicuous.(10)
sea level to 1200(1500) m.(10)
Philodendron hederaceum is a member of P. sect. Philodendron subsect. Solenosterigma. This species is distinguished by its scandent habit, long internodes, deciduous cataphylls, ovate-cordate, long-petiolate leaves, and solitary inflorescence with usually
green spathes with the tube reddish to purplish within. Philodendron hederaceum is
most easily confused with P. purpureoviride which is a vine with similar leaves. See
that species for difference. Philodendron hederaceum is also somewhat similar to P.
jacquinii, but the latter differs in its generally pubescent stems, petioles and major veins
of the lower blade surface, its thinner leaf blades, swollen spathe tube, and broad pistillate portion of the spadix with elongate styles. The taxa here treated as Philodendron
hederaceum and P. jacquinii have long been confused nomenclaturally. The former
name is based on Arum hederaceum, first validly published by N. J. Jacquin (1760) in
his Enumeratio SystematicaPlantarum. Jacquin cited only a Plumier (1756) plate (t.51,
fig. d), which thus must be accepted as the holotype of the name (Greuter et al., 1994;
Art. 9.1, Note 1). Three years later, Jacquin (1763), in his Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia, published his own plate (t.152), identified as A. hederaceum but
actually depicting a different species from Cartagena, Colombia, namely, that treated
in this revision as P. jacquinii Schott. These two species are fortunately sufficiently
different in appearance that even drawings of sterile plants, such as that of Plumier, are
unmistakable. This mistake by Jacquin has caused considerable confusion, since several authors, including Kunth (1841), Engler (1899), Krause (1913), Dugand (1945), and
Bunting (1963b, 1995), have misapplied the name P. hederaceum based on Jacquin's
1763 publication. Schott, however, understood the problem. He had already transferred
Arum hederaceum to Philodendron (Schott, 1829) and in his treatment for Synopsis
Aroidearum (Schott, 1856) he described P. jacquinii, explicitly basing it on Jacquin's
1763 plate. Schott (1856) also placed P. hederaceum sensu Kunth into synonymy under his newly described P. jacquinii. However, he included P. hederaceum in his grex
Macrobelium, while treating other synonyms of P. hederaceum in grex Solenosterigma.
Names so treated were: P. scandens, P. prieurianum, P. oxycardium, P. cuspidatum,
and P. micans. Engler (1899), followed by Krause (1913), treated the species herein
called P. hederaceum as four distinct species, P. prieurianum, P. scandens, P. oxycardi-
um, and P. micans. Both Engler and Krause erred in treating Arum hederaceum Jacq.
as a questionable synonym of P. hoffmannii (= P. jacquinii), citing Jacquin's (1763)
t. 152 as the type. Despite the confusion by Engler and Krause, Standley and Steyermark (1958b), in the Flora ofGuatemala, correctly dealt with the taxonomy of P. hederaceum, citing P. scandens, P. oxycardium and P. miduhoi in synonymy thereunder.
Their treatment of P. jacquinii was incorrect, since they cited that name under the later synonym P. hoffmannii Schott (1858). In this regard they followed Krause (1913).
Thus, despite the confusion by Engler and by Krause, the nomenclature of these species
was essentially rectified as early as 1958, to the species as P. oxycardium or P. cordatum hort. (non Vell.). Bunting (1963b), apparently following the lead of Dugand (1945),
was aware of the Plumier illustration cited by Jacquin but seemed to believe that it had
no bearing on the application of the name because it had been published prior to 1753,
the starting date for botanical nomenclature. He also referred to Jacquin (1763) as the
"initial" publication of Arum hederaceum, presumably in the erroneous belief that the
name had not been validly published in Jacquin (1760). Bunting (1963a) accordingly
applied the name P. hederaceum to the species here called P. jacquinii and the obscure
P. scandens K. Koch (1853) for the species herein called P. hederaceum. Certainly the
epithet P. scandens was not in general use up until that time because most horticultural
works (Birdsey, 1951) still referred to the species as P. oxycardium Schott. Other, more
practical matters substantiate that Plumier's (1756) rather crude drawing depicts the
species here treated as P. hederaceum, rather than the one called P. jacquinii (accurately
illustrated by Jacquin in 1763). Plumier's text associated with t. 51, fig. D states that the
plant grew in Martinique, known to have been visited by Plumier (Urban, 1898: 123).
Philodendron hederaceum is a widespread species in the West Indies and occurs on
Martinique, while P. jacquinii, though also widespread, is not known from the Lesser
Antilles. The epithet hederaceum connotes an ivy-like growth habit and aspect, apt for
the species to which the epithet is here applied, but not for P. jacquinii. The application
of the name P. hederaceum, as explained above, is unambiguous, whereas that of P.
scandens, the name used during the last 30 years for this plant, is highly dubious, as it is
based on a sterile Koch specimen of unknown origin, lacking an extant type specimen
or even illustrations. Article 57.1 of the Tokyo Code (Greuter et al., 1994) states that
"A name that has been widely and persistently used for a taxon or taxa not including
its type is not to be used in a sense that conflicts with current usuage unless and until a
proposal to deal with it under Art. 14.1 or 56.1 has been submitted and rejected." I consider that this Article does not apply in the present case, since the name P. hederaceum
was used in the sense, including its type, as recently as 1958, in a higher regional flora
(Flora of Guatemala), which is the most recent published treatment of Araceae for any
Central American country, and still reigns as the standard work throughout the region.
In Central America, P. hederaceum is here divided into three varieties. Philodendron
hederaceum var. hederaceum and P. hederaceum var. oxycardium (Schott) Croat are
only distinguishable on the basis of their juvenile leaf blades. In P. hederaceum var.
hederaceum, the juvenile blades are velvety with a silky sheen on the upper surface,
whereas the juvenile blades of P. hederaceum var. oxycardium are glossy on the upper
surface. These juvenile forms were formally treated by Bunting (1968) as P. scandens
forma micans. The third newly recognized variety, P. hederaceum var. kirkbridei Croat
is distinguishable by its adult stems that dry brown and are deeply sulcate with prominent ridges. This taxon also differs in occurring at higher elevations.(10)
Philodendron lingulatum (L.) K.Koch in Index Seminum (B) 1855(App.): 2, 1855.
Arum lingulatum L. in Pl. Jamaic. Pug. 26, 1759.
Monstera lingulata (L.) Schott in Wiener Z. Kunst 4: 1028, 1830.
Philodendron dispar Schott in Syn. Aroid. 79, 1856.
Philodendron swartzianum Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 6: 237, 1857.
Philodendron karstenianum var callifolium Engl. in Fl. Bras. 3(2): 134, 1878.
Philodendron karstenianum var dispar (Schott) Engl. in Monogr. Phan. 2: 362,
1879.
Figure 29: Distribution of Philodendron lingulatum (L.) K.Koch sec CATE
Araceae, 2009
Endemic to the West indies, from the eastern Greater Antilles (Hispaniola, Puerto Rico)
and the Virgin Islands through the Leeward and Windward chains of the Lesser Antilles
to St. Vincent and (possibly) Barbados.(9)
Appressed-climbing on tree trunks, to at least 15 m. Internodes 1.0-6.9 (-18.5) cm long,
(0.3-) 0.5-2.5 cm wide, dark olive-green, weakly glossy, obtusely sulcate on one side,
drying yellowish brown to dark brown, coarsely sulcate, the epidermis excoriating;
roots present at distal nodes, to ca, 2 mm thick. LEAVES: Petiole (9.7-) 12.4-48.0
cm long, P/L= (0.74-) 0.85-1.16 (-1.41), heavily dark lineate-streaked, sheathed (69-)
83-94 (-96)%, the sheath involute (on juvenile plants) to horizontally spreading, recurred and densely lineate near margins, the free portion prolonged apically to ca. 0.9
cm; unsheathed portion of petiole (0.8-) 1.1-7.2 cm long, D-shaped, sulcate above, the
margins obtuse to moderately sharP. Lamina 13,3-42.7 cm long, 6.9-28.4 cm wide,
L/W=(1.12-) 1.4-2.09 (-2.27), IQI=0-4 (-6), thinly coriaceous to subcoriaceous, semiglossy both sides, virtually concolorous, broadly elliptic to narrowly or broadly ovate
(broadest at or below the middle), acute to abruptly acuminate apically [the acumen
0.7-1.8 (-2.4) cm long], broadly cuneate to truncate (on smaller leaves) or, more usually,
subcordate to cordate basally with the sinus 0.6- 1.4 cm deep; midrib flat above, convex
and ± paler below; primary lateral veins (5-) 6-9 (-10) per side, (0.4-) 2.2-5.4 (-7.5) cm
apart, weakly sunken above, convex and paler below; minor veins visible below and
darker; abaxial laminar surface drying moderately and uniformly granular, the reticulate veins usually weakly or not visible; white stitching and resin canals usually visible;
adaxial surface moderately to obscurely granular, the reticulate veins obscure at best;
white stitching and resin canals sometimes visible, though not typically. INFLORES-
CENCES solitary or occasionally paired; cataphylls 6.9-17.9 cm long, 0.4-1.6 cm wide,
lanceolate, sharply 2-keeled; peduncle (2.7-) 3.7-7.4 (-13.0) cm long, P/S=0.31-0.85,
obscured by sheath; spathe at anthesis 10.0-23.5 cm long, 2.9-5.3 cm wide, externally
dark green on tube, medium green on blade and margins of tube, pale green to white
within; spathe drying moderately and uniformly granular and short-white-lineolate externally, internally densely and conspicuously white-granular, with longitudinal secretory striations to at least 6/7 to apex; acumen of spathe 1.0-2.5 cm long. Stipe of spadix
ca. 0.7-1.7 cm long; spadix 8.7-21.2 cm long, the fertile male portion 0.9-1.7 cm wide,
creamy-white, deleted slightly forward at anthesis; sterile male zone 0.6-1.3 cm long;
female portion of spadix 2.1-4.7 cm long, F/S=0.17-0.31, 1.5-2.1 cm wide, pale green;
fertile male flowers 1.8-2.4 mm long, 0.6-1,5 mm wide, irregularly polygonal, columnar; sterile male flowers 1.6-4.0 mm long, 1.3-2.4 mm wide, climate; female flowers
2.3-4.0 mm long, 0.7-1.1 mm wide, the style with conspicuous raphides. INFRUCTESCENCES: Ripe fruits unknown. Seeds unknown.(9)
100-1000+ m.(9)
All flowering specimens have been collected during the period May-July.(9)
"rain-forest,'' or "forêt hygrophytique caraïbe'' (Stehlé 1946).(9)
Philodendron lingulatum comprises appressed-climbing epiphytes, ascending to at least
10 m above the ground on host trees. The species is further characterized by having
comparatively long internodes drying brownish and sulcate, proportionately long petioles with the sheath mostly splayed on adult growth, and large, broad, symmetrical,
subcordate- to cordate-based, semiglossy leaf-blades with generally 6-9 primary lateral veins per side. My observations on Dominica suggest that the petiole-sheaths on
juvenile foliage of P. lingulatum are involute (Fig. 12), whereas those of adult plants
(including small leaves of flagellar shoots) are splayed - an unusual circumstance in
subg. Pteromischum. The spadices of P. lingulatum, though quite variable in size, are
at least potentially the longest of any species in sect. Pteromischum , and the individual
flowers are also unusually large.Philodendron lingulatum is phenetically most similar
to P. romeroi, of the Colombian Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, and P. venosum, ranging (mainly in cloud forest) throughout the Venezuelan coastal ranges east to Trinidad
and Tobago. These three species agree in having brownish, sulcate internodes, horizontally splayed petiole-sheaths, and relatively large leaves with granular (as opposed
to alveolate) epidermides (features which, in combination, distinguish them from all
other members of subg. Pteromischum in our region). Philodendron lingulatum differs
from P. venosum in having relatively longer petioles, with a potentially much longer
unsheathed portion, subcordate- or cordate-based, proportionally broader leaves with
fewer primary lateral veins, longer spadices with a relatively shorter female portion,
and consistently longer male, sterile, and female flowers (compare the descriptions for
the actual dimensional ranges, which overlap in most cases). Well-prepared specimens
of P. lingulatum with full-sized monopodial leaves are always easily distinguished from
P. venosum on the basis of the foregoing characters; for additional discussion, see under
P. venosum (no. 8). Philodendron romeroi is vegetatively similar to P. lingulatum, but
closer to P. venosum in most inflorescence characters.Other species in sect. Pteromischum that might be confused with P. lingulatum include the widespread P. sulcatum
and its Venezuelan cousin P. aristeguietae, which have relatively and absolutely shorter
and more extensively sheathed petioles, as well as generally smaller leaves with alveolate upper epidermides, and smaller inflorescences. The remaining brownish-stemmed
species in our area, e.g., P. escuintlense, P. opaque, P. popenoei, and P. standleyi, all
have erect petiolesheaths and (except in the case of P. opacum ) more numerous primary lateral veins.Philodendron opacum also has alveolate upper leaf epidermides. Philo-
dendron lingulatum seems to favor the more rugged, mountainous Caribbean islands,
or portions of islands. The only known stations in the Virgin Islands are on the slopes of
Sage Mountain, Tortola, the highest peak and apparently the wettest site in the group;
similarly, all records for Guadeloupe appear to pertain to Basse-Terre, and all these for
Martinique to the northern half of the island. I have seen no collections or reports of this
species from many islands of the Lesser Antilles, including Anguilla, St. Martin, Nevis,
Antigua, Barbuda, Marie Galante, the Grenadines, and Grenada. With the exception of
Nevis, the Grenadines, and Grenada, these all fall into a group (which includes Grande
Terre of Guadeloupe) described by Hodge (1941) as "low, limestone-capped, older islands,'' contrasting with those islands on which P. lingulatum is known to occur (including Basse-Terre of Guadeloupe) , which Hodge characterized as "rugged, youthful
volcanoes,'' These geomorphological differences are in turn associated with climatic,
vegetational, and historical differences, and the effects of these intertwining factors may
be difficult to separate. Islands of lower relief receive less orogenic precipitation and
may thus lack habitats suitable for P. lingulatum, but are also more inviting for human
colonization and deforestation (which may provoke secondary climatic effects). At any
rate, most of the islands from which P. lingulatum has not been recorded presently lack
the requisite rainforest habitat, according to the descriptions of Beard (1949). Rainforest may conceivably have once occurred, e.g., on Antigua, where "no vestige of the
original forests remains'' on any of the higher ground (Beard 1949: 158), or it may be
inherently absent, as in the case of the Grenadines, where, according to Beard (1949:
145), "rain forest can never have existed.'' Rainforest is still present on Grenada and
possibly also on Nevis, how- ever, and P. lingulatum may well have occurred (and may
yet persist) on these islands.On the other hand, it is possible that extinction of P. lingulatum on a local basis may have already taken place on some islands from which it is
recorded. I have seen no collections of this species from St. Eustatius made after 1908,
and just two from St. Kitts during the past two centuries. Stehlé (1946: 541) could find
no trace of rainforest remaining on St. Eustatius during a 1945 visit, and Beard (1949:
97) reported that "only two relatively small areas of first-class undamaged rain forest
were located in St. Kitt's" Beard (1949: 178-179) observed that the "same forest'' as that
still found on Sage Mountain, Tortola (where P, lingulatum still occurs), "formerly . . .
probably existed on Virgin Peak (Virgin Gorda) and on the highest part of St. John,
but it has been destroyed and the remaining fragment on Tortola is thus uniquely Krebs
(1852) attributed "Arum lingulatum, Linn." to St. Thomas (U.S. Virgin Islands), from
which P. lingulatum is not otherwise known; this report may have been based on Finlay
74 (P), labeled "St. Thomas'' but probably collected in Trinidad (Urban 1902: 47-48),
and here referred to P. venosum.Philodendron lingulatum is reported here for the first
time, as far as I can deter- mine, from Tortola, Montserrat, and Barbados. The Barbados collection is especially surprising, because this is "the most densely peopled and
intensively cultivated of any of the Lesser Antilles'' (Beard 1949: 166). Furthermore,
"the limited relics of natural vegetation which do remain'' would not appear to be of the
type that would support P. lingulatum, according to the description of Beard (1949).
Stehlé (1946) numbered Barbados among those islands (also including Antigua, Anguilla, and Nevis) that did not appear to possess any "forêt hygrophytique.'' An eastern
outlier of the main Antillean chain, Barbados was characterized by Beard (1949) as a
coral island, comparable to Antigua, Barbuda, and Anguilla, none of which harbor P.
lingulatum. Hodge (1941) described Barbados as "a N. E. fragment of S. America,"
a particularly intriguing comment inasmuch as my notes on the Barbados specimen
(studied at an early stage of this revision) describe a strong resemblance to Philodendron venosum . Although I provisionally cite this specimen under P. lingulatum, its
identity requires reconfirmation.Philodendron lingulatum is often found along creeks
or in open, disturbed sites.This species has become known for its allegedly infrequent
flowering. According to Howard (1979b), P. lingulatum "is rarely found in flower" in
the Lesser Antilles. Duss (1897) stated that it flowers "à diverses époques de l'année,''
and Fournet (1978) "toute l'année, mais rarement,'' in Guadeloupe and Martinique, and
it has been described as "seldom fertile'' on St. Lucia (Proctor 18161). All species of
subg. Pteromischum flower in more or less brief episodes during particular times of
the year, and P. lingulatum would not appear to be unusual within the subgenus in this
regard. The ratio of flowering to sterile herbarium specimens does not suggest abnormally low fecundity, nor do label data support the contention that this species flowers
throughout the year.(9)
According to Questel (1951), the filiform roots of P. lingulatum are employed on
Guadeloupe for cordage, wickerwork, and basketry. Duss (1897) reported that woodsmen in Guadeloupe use the sap from the roots and stems to cleanse wounds.(9)
Bejuco de calabaza and calabazón cimarrón (Urban 1903; Otero et at. 1946; Liogier
& Martorell 1982; Puerto Rico) ; liane à hébichet (or hibichet), siguine rouge (Duss
1897; Questel 1951; Guadeloupe); siguine grand-bois (Duss 1897; Martinique); seguine
(Beard 1090, St. Lucia).(9)
Pistia stratiotes L. in Sp. Pl. 963, 1753.
Zala asiatica Lour. in Fl. Cochinch. 405, 1790.
Pistia spathulata Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 162, 1803.
Pistia leprieuri Blume in Rumphia 1: 79, 1836.
Pistia crispata Blume in Rumphia 1: 78, 1836.
Pistia occidentalis Blume in Rumphia 1: 79, 1836.
Pistia linguiformis Blume in Rumphia 1: 79, 1836.
Pistia minor Blume in Rumphia 1: 78, 1836.
Pistia obcordata Schleid. in Allg. Gartenzeitung 6: 20, 1838.
Pistia aegyptiaca Schleid. in Allg. Gartenzeitung 6: 19, 1838.
Pistia commutata Schleid. in Allg. Gartenzeitung 6: 20, 1838.
Pistia horkeliana Miq. in Linnaea 18: 81, 1845.
Pistia amazonica C.Presl in Epimel. Bot. 240, 1851.
Pistia africana C.Presl in Epimel. Bot. 240, 1851.
Pistia weigeltiana C.Presl in Epimel. Bot. 240, 1851.
Pistia turpinii K.Koch in Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 10: 577, 1852.
Apiospermum obcordatum (Schleid.) Klotzsch in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin
1853: 351, 1853.
Limnonesis friedrichsthaliana Klotzsch in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1853:
24, 1853.
Pistia gardneri Klotzsch in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1853: 356, 1853.
Pistia aethiopica Fenzl ex Klotzsch in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1853: 354,
1853.
Pistia schleideniana Klotzsch in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1853: 356, 1853.
Pistia cumingii Klotzsch in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1853: 354, 1853.
Pistia brasiliensis Klotzsch in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1853: 356, 1853.
Pistia natalensis Klotzsch in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1853: 354, 1853.
Pistia texensis Klotzsch in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1853: 356, 1853.
Limnonesis commutata (Schleid.) Klotzsch in Abh. Königl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin
1853: 24, 1853.
Figure 30 a) Pistia stratiotes b) Pistia stratiotes 1 c) Pistia striatotes K000499394
d) Pistia stratiotes piggot dec 1975 e) Pistia s ll f) Pistia ll
Figure 31: Distribution of Pistia stratiotes L. sec CATE Araceae, 2009
Widely distributed in the warmer regions of both hemispheres.(1)
LEAVES sessile in a rosette, 1-5 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, cuneate-oblong or cuneateobovate, notched or entire at the broadly rounded or subtruncate apex, more or
less pubescent on both surfaces, tomentose with long matted hairs at the base. INFLORESCENCE: Spathe 31/2-5 lin. long, more or less hairy or villous outside,
glabrous within, pale green; limb ovate, subobtuse, with a broad white ciliolate margin. Ovary pale green, pubescent. Neuter organs frill-like, pale green. Anthers dirty
white.(1)Morphological characters are the same as those of the genus. Plants aquatic,
floating. Roots many, pendulous in water, feathery. Leaves in rosettes, 1.3–10 × 1.5–
6cm. Spathe white, 5–12mm. (14)
Fl. May–Nov.(14)
Tropical wetlands; floating aquatic in open, tranquil, freshwater habitats.(11)Water
fields, lakes, ponds.(14)
The plants are cultivated for animal feed and are used to treat swelling and urinary tract
infections.(14)
Wolffia brasiliensis Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , III, 12: 170, 1849.
Wolffia punctata Griseb. in Fl. Brit. W. I. 512, 1864.
Wolffia papulifera C.H.Thomps. in Rep. (Annual) Missouri Bot. Gard. 1898: 40,
1898.
Wolffiella lingulata (Hegelm.) Hegelm. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 303, 1895.
Wolffia lingulata Hegelm. in Lemnac. 132, 1868.
Wolffiella welwitschii (Hegelm.) Monod in Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N , Horsser. 2: 229, 1949.
Wolffia welwitschii Hegelm. in J. Bot. 3: 113, 1865.
Wolffia conguensis Welw. ex Trimen in J. Bot. 4: 223, 1866.
Wolffiopsis welwitschii (Hegelm.) Hartog & Plas in Blumea 18: 366, 1970.
Figure 34 a) Wolffiella welwitschii b) Wolffiella welwitschii K000499397
Tract of elongated cells running along the median line of the lower wall of the pouch;
2 flowers per frond.(7)
Figure 35: Distribution of Wolffiella welwitschii (Hegelm.) Monod sec CATE
Araceae, 2009
Tropical regions of Africa and America with warm semi-arid climates(7)
Fronds submerged, with the basal part near the surface of the water, the tip bent downwards, coher 2-3 together, at the base saddle-like, wide tongue-shaped, rounded at the
tip, nearly as wide at the tip as at the base, 3-7 mm long, 2.5-5.0 mm wide, 1 1/4-2 times
as long as wide, without teeth, with 0-12 stomata (especially along the lateral margins
of the base); air spaces distinct; the area containing air spaces not longer than wide;
angle of the pouch 100-120 ; tract of elongated cells running along the median line of
the lower wall of the pouch; point of attachment of the daughter frond after separation
not conspicuous. INFLORESCENCE: Plants often flowering and fruiting. Flowering
fronds similar to the vegetative ones. Two flowers per frond. INFRUCTESCENC:
Seed 0.45 mm long, 0.3 mm thick.(7)
Xanthosoma brasiliense (Desf.) Engl. in Pflanzenr. , IV, 23E: 58, 1920.
Caladium brasiliense Desf. in Tabl. École Bot. , ed. 3: 7, 1829.
Philodendron fontanesii Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 48, 1841.
Xanthosoma helleborifolium (Jacq.) Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 15: 33, 1865.
Arum helleborifolium Jacq. in Collectanea 3: 217, 1791.
Caladium helleborifolium (Jacq.) Vent. in Descr. Pl. Nov. : t. 30: , 1801.
Arum sagittifolium Link in Enum. Pl. 2: 393, 1822.
Caladium variegatum Desf. in Tabl. École Bot. , ed. 3: 7, 1829.
Acontias hastifolius Schott in Melet. Bot. 19, 1832.
Acontias helleborifolius (Jacq.) Schott in Melet. Bot. 19, 1832.
Caladium hastifolium Steud. in Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 1: 249, 1840.
Acontias variegatus (Desf.) Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 45, 1841.
Xanthosoma hastifolium (Schott) K.Koch in Index Seminum (B) 1854(App.): 2,
1854.
Acontias plumieri Schott in Syn. Aroid. 65, 1856.
Xanthosoma plumieri (Schott) Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 15: 33, 1865.
Xanthosoma variegatum (Desf.) Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 15: 33, 1865.
Arum venosum Balb. ex Engl. in Monogr. Phan. 2: 487, 1879.
Xanthosoma angustisectum Engl. in Pflanzenr. , IV, 23E: 61, 1920.
Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott in Melet. Bot. 19, 1832.
Arum sagittifolium L. in Sp. Pl. 966, 1753.
Arum xanthorrhizon Jacq. in Pl. Hort. Schoenbr. 2: 32, 1797.
Caladium sagittifolium (L.) Vent. in Descr. Pl. Nov. : t. 30: , 1801.
Caladium xanthorrhizon (Jacq.) Willd. in Sp. Pl. 4: 490, 1805.
Caladium edule G.Mey. in Prim. Fl. Esseq. 272, 1818.
Xanthosoma jacquinii Schott in Melet. Bot. 19, 1832.
Xanthosoma edule (G.Mey.) Schott in Melet. Bot. 19, 1832.
Philodendron nigrum Kunth in Enum. Pl. 3: 52, 1841.
Xanthosoma violaceum Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 3: 370, 1853.
Xanthosoma ianthinum K.Koch & C.D.Bouché in Index Seminum (B) 1854(App.):
2, 1854.
Xanthosoma atrovirens K.Koch & C.D.Bouché in Index Seminum (B)
1854(App.): 3, 1854.
Xanthosoma utile K.Koch & C.D.Bouché in Index Seminum (B) 1854(App.): 2,
1854.
Xanthosoma sagittifolium K.Koch in Index Seminum (B) 1854(App.): 2, 1854.
Xanthosoma appendiculatum Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: 417, 1854.
Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott in Arac. Betreff. 2: 5, 1855.
Xanthosoma xantharrhizon (Jacq.) K.Koch in Bonplandia (Hannover) 4: 4, 1856.
Xanthosoma roseum Schott in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 8: 178, 1858.
Xanthosoma blandum Schott in Bonplandia (Hannover) 10: 346, 1862.
Xanthosoma peregrinum Griseb. in Fl. Brit. W. I. 511, 1864.
Xanthosoma atrovirens var appendiculatum (Schott) Engl. in Monogr. Phan. 2:
476, 1879.
Caladium utile Engl. in Monogr. Phan. 2: 469, 1879.
Caladium mafaffa Engl. in Monogr. Phan. 2: 471, 1879.
Arum nigrum Vell. in Fl. Flumin. 9: 386, 1881.
Alocasia talihan Elmer ex Merr. in Enum. Philipp. Fl. Pl. 1: 185, 1922.
Xanthosoma nigrum Stellfeld in Tribuna Farm. 12: 201, 1944.
Figure 38 a) Xanthosomaviolaceum.jpg
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Xanthosoma undipes (K.Koch & C.D.Bouché) K.Koch in Bonplandia (Hannover) 4:
4, 1856.
Xanthosoma sagittifolium Liebm. in Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren.
Kjøbenhavn 1849: 15, 1849.
Alocasia undipes K.Koch & C.D.Bouché in Index Seminum (B) 1854(App.): 5,
1854.
Xanthosoma jacquinii Schott in Syn. Aroid. 56, 1856.
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