Download Nudibranquios (orden Nudibranchia)

Nudibranquios (orden Nudibranchia)
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Taxon biology 1
Nudibranchs, meaning “naked gills” consist of soft-bodied sea slugs and are members of the class
Gastropoda in the phylum Mollusca. The majority of the colorful opisthobranchs that are seen belong to
the suborder Nudibranchia. Nudibranchs can be found anywhere from the depths of the ocean, to tidal
pools, to coral reefs, but are most diverse in tropical waters.Nudibranchs have an irregular shape that
can be thick or flattened and long or short and can range anywhere from 0.635 centimeters to 60.96
centimeters. The average lifespan of a nudibranch can vary anywhere from weeks to one year, based on
the abundance of food available to them. Nudibranchs are carnivores and use their radula, a band of
curved teeth, to scrape or tear food particles. They feed on species such as hydroids, sea anemones,
corals, sponges and fish eggs. Each species of nudibranch usually specializes on one specific sessile
animal on which to feed. Nudibranchs move or “crawl” by ciliary action or the muscular action of its
foot, a flat and broad muscle that clings to rocks, corals, sponges and other surfaces.
Although separated into four different groups, the two most common groups of nudibranchs are the
aeolidida (aeolids) and the doridoidea (dorids). Doridoidea is the largest group of nudibranchs and is
comprised of many different variations of body types. Aeolidida are the second largest subgroup of
nudibranchs and show a more consistent elongated shape. Nudibranchs have both male and female
sex organs, making them hermaphrodites. Although hermaphroditic, self-fertilization does not occur.
Only when the reproductive pores of two nudibranchs line up, neck to neck, can fertilization ensue.
Nudibranchs have obtained different defenses in order to escape predation; chemical defenses are
obtained from their prey by ingestion, and are then incorporated into nudibranch tissues. The bright
colors and patterns of nudibranchs serve as a warning signal to predators of their chemical defenses.
Alternatively, the coloration of nudibranchs could also be a camouflage mechanism, allowing them to
blend in to various substrates.
Morphology 2,3
Oth er Ph ysi cal Featu res: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Known prey organisms 4
N u d i b ran ch i a (Pred atory gastrop od s) p reys on :
Brachiodontes exustus
Bivalvia
Crepidula fornicata
Crepidula convexa
Argopecten irradians
Chione cancellata
Acteon punctostriatus
Cadulus carolinesis
Swartziella catesbyana
Acetocina candei
Truncatella pulchella
Nassarius vibex
Olivella mutica
Haminoea succinea
Mangelia plicosa
Paralichthyes albigutta
Strongylura marina
Urophycis floridana
Prionotus scitulus
Prionotus tribulus
Anchoa mitchilli
Menidia beryllina
Leiostomus xanthurus
Laridae
Cyprinodon variegatus
Anatidae
Fundulus confluentus
Fundulus similis
Adinia xenica
Based on stu d i es i n :
USA: Florida (Estuarine)
This list may not be complete but is based on published studies.
Classification 5
Nudipleura (clade; this is [Pleurobranchiomorpha + the nudibranchs]) is skipped because (1) we are
already short of ranks at this level of the tree and (2) it is useful to keep such a well-known name as
Nudibranchia at its traditional Order level, as long as it is tenable. The concept of Nudipleura is
nevertheless correct and has been given strong support by Grande et al. (2004) against the traditional
grouping Notaspidea = [Umbraculida + Pleurobranchiomorpha] permanently ruled out). Based on
molecular data (Grande et al., 2004), the Nudibranchia were challenged to be a polyphyletic group, with
Pleurobranchomorpha being the sister to the Anthobranchia. Conversely, Wägele & Willan (2000) found
strong morphological evidence for the monophyly of Nudibranchia. Four years later, there does not
seem to be any additional evidence that Nudibranchia are not monophyletic so they are retained as a
valid taxon until convincingly challenged.
Functional adaptation 6
Bran ch es accommod ate al gae: sea sl u g
The gut of one sea slug accommodates the algae it farms for nutrition by branching into leaf-like
tentacles for increased housing space.
Modify > Adapt/optimize > Optimize space/materials
"One sea-slug common on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia has taken this practice even further. It is
able to stimulate its captive algae so that they proliferate to an unusual degree. To accommodate the
greater numbers produced in this way, it develops branches in its gut which extend into leaf-like
tentacles along its flanks. Having stocked its tentacles with plants, the sea-slug moves away from the
feeding grounds among the coral where it first acquired the algae. It seldom if ever feeds on coral
again. It is sustained entirely, it seems, by its internal gardens." (Attenborough 1995:204-205)
Learn more about this functional adaptation.
Statistics of barcoding coverage 7
Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats
Specimen Records:1833
Specimens with Sequences:1534
Specimens with Barcodes:1488
Species:361
Species With Barcodes:333
Public Records:1423
Public Species:272
Public BINs:457
References
1. © Stephanie Dumas, some rights reserved
2. 1999. "Nudibranchia" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nudibranchia.html
3. © The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors, some rights reserved
4. © SPIRE project, some rights reserved
5. © WoRMS for SMEBD, some rights reserved
6. © The Biomimicry Institute, some rights reserved
7. © Barcode of Life Data Systems, some rights reserved