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Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
Image credit: Wellcome Trust
Public engagement
Find out more at: www.sanger.ac.uk/about/engagement
For teachers
Find out more at:
www.sanger.ac.uk
www.yourgenome.org
The Human Genome Project
John Sulston
Image credit: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
Scaling up
From 600 Gigabases of raw sequence per week.
To machines that produce 600 Gigabases of raw sequence per week EACH.
Image credits: Wellcome Trust
1GB = 1,000,000,000bp
1K
Source: National Human Genome Research Institute
www.genome.gov/sequencingcosts
1M
Sept 2011
March 2011
Sept 2010
March 2010
Sept 2009
March 2009
Sept 2008
March 2008
Sept 2007
March 2007
Sept 2006
100K
March 2006
Sept 2005
March 2005
Sept 2004
March 2004
Sept 2003
March 2003
Sept 2002
March 2002
Sept 2001
Cost per human genome ($)
100M
10M
Moore’s Law
Introduc?on of Next-­‐Gen Sequencing
10K
New scale, new insights
Before the HGP
Now
Single gene disorders
Complex disorders
100,000 genes
(1 gene: 1 protein
All about the genes)
20,000-25,000 genes
(1 gene: many proteins
All about control regions)
Mutation (tiny changes)
Mutation (tiny changes
or large chunks)
Genes ‘for’ disease
Disease association; geneenvironment interactions
Junk DNA
Non-coding DNA but we don’t
understand its function
Why study genes and
genomes?
Image credit: Wellcome Images
Human genetics
Matt Hurles; Chris Tyler-Smith; Annie Cavanagh/Wellcome Images; Sanger Institute
Pathogen genetics
CDC/Sharon Peacock/David Goulding/Laurence Tetley
Model organisms
Image credits: Wellcome Images
Bioinformatics
Image credits: Wellcome Images
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
Image credit: Peter Cook