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Download Clicker Question #1 Energy Conversion Cellular Respiration
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Clicker Question #1 1. What compound directly provides energy for cellular work? A. DNA B. C6H12O6 C glucose C. D. ATP E. fat Energy Conversion Fuel rich in chemical energy Energy conversion Waste products poor in chemical energy Heat energy Gasoline + Combustion Kinetic energy of movement Oxygen Carbon dioxide + W Water Energy conversion in a car Heat energy Cellular respiration Food + ATP Carbon dioxide + Energy for cellular work Oxygen Water Energy conversion in a cell Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration: A catabolic energy yielding pathway in which oxygen and organic fuels are consumed and ATP is produced • An aerobic process—it requires oxygen Summary equations: Organic g Compounds + Oxygen yg Carbon + Water Dioxide + Energy gy 1 Cellular Respiration •By oxidizing glucose, energy is taken out of “storage” and made available for ATP synthesis Oxidation Glucose loses electrons (and hydrogens) C6H12O6 + 6 Glucose 6 O2 Oxygen + CO2 H2O 6 Carbon dioxide Water Reduction Oxygen gains electrons (and hydrogens) Cellular Respiration *Substrate-level phosphorylation 3 metabolic stages: *Oxidative phosphorylation *glycolysis *Krebs cycle *electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Plant cell Animal cell Animal cell Cytoplasm Cytoplasm High-energy High-energy electrons electrons carried carried NADH bybyNADH Glycolysis Glycolysis2 Glucose Pyruvic acid ATP 2 ATP Plant cell Mitochondrion Mitochondrion High-energy High-energy electrons carried electrons carried mainly mainlyby by NADH NADH Citric Citric Electron Acid Electron Acid Transport Cycle Transport Cycle ATP ~34 2 ATP ATP ATP ~38 ATP per Figure 6.6 glucose 2 Metabolic Disequilibrium *Multi-step open system Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase 1) Glucose is phosphorylated 2) G-6-P is rearranged 3) Addition of another phosphate group 4) Cleavage into i 2 3-carbon sugars 5) Conversion b/w the 2 3-carbon sugars 3 6) Two components: *electron transfer *Phosphate group addition Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase 9) Loss of water 7) ATP production 10) ATP production 8) Rearrangement of phosphate group Fermentation enables cell to produce ATP w/o O2 aerobic anaerobic *Fermentation generates ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation The presence or absence of O2 dictates the fate of pyruvate anaerobic aerobic 4 The Krebs cycle: energy-yielding oxidation The junction b/w glycolysis and the Krebs cycle: Multienzyme complex: 1) Removal of CO2 2) Electron transfer *pyruvate dehydrogenase 3) Addition of CoA The Krebs cycle: energy-yielding oxidation 8) electron transfer Malate dehydrogenase 1) Addition of 2 Carbons Citrate synthase 2) Isomerization Aconitase 3) *Loss of CO2 *electron transfer Isocitrate dehydrogenase 7) Rearrangement of bonds Fumarase 4) *Loss of CO2 *electron transfer α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase 6) electron transfer Succinate dehydrogenase 5) substrate-level phosphorylation Succinyl CoA-synthetase Electron transport and ATP synthesis *Multi-step open system 5 Generation and maintenance of an H+ gradient *Exergonic flow of e-, pumps H+ across the membrane *chemiosmosis high energy electrons ATP synthase *How does the mitochondrion couple electron transport and ATP synthesis? Versatility of Cellular Respiration – In addition to glucose, cellular respiration can “burn”: • Diverse types of carbohydrates • Fats • Proteins Polysaccharides Food Fats Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Glycolysis Acetyl CoA Proteins Amino acids Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport ATP 6
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