Download Cancer - Van Buren Public Schools

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LEARNING GOALS:
I CAN…
…understand how cancerous (malignant) tumors
evolve within the body.
…describe different stages in diagnosing cancer.
…explain how different cancer treatments are
used to reduce the growth and progression of
cancerous cells.
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I.
Causes of Cancer
A.
1.
The most correct answer to the question: “What Causes
Cancer?” is m a n y d i f f e r e n t t h i n g s
For cancer to occur, t h e r e i s u s u a l l y s o m e s o r t
of malfunction in the process of mitosis
t h a t c a u s e s h y p e r p l a s i a t o o c c u r.
Hyperplasia – p r o c e s s t h a t p r o d u c e s t o o m a n y
cells
2. Most cells that cause cancer are often produced by a
process called a n a p l a s i a .
Anaplasia – p r o c e s s b y w h i c h u n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d
tumor cells are produced
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B. Some “suspects” that play a role n the development of
cancer include:
1. CARCINOGENS: a g e n t s t h a t a f f e c t g e n e t i c
activity in some way that cause abnormal
cell growth.
M U TA G E N S – a g e n t s t h a t c h a n g e a c e l l ’s
DNA structures
2. AGE: A g e c h a n g e s g e n e t i c a c t i v i t y o v e r t i m e
and there are some forms of cell damage
that can accumulate in DNA that leads to
difficulties regulating the cell cycle.
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3. ENVIRONMENT: E x p o s u r e t o d a m a g i n g
radiation or repetitive mechanical injury
4. VIRUSES: C u r r e n t l y H P V ( h u m a n p a p i l l o m a
virus) is being linked to 90% of cervical
cancer cases.
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3. GENETIC FACTORS: o n c o g e n e s ( a . k . a . “ c a n c e r
g e n e s ” ) c a n b e i n h e r i t e d d i r e c t l y. C a n c e r
g e n e s d o n o t g u a r a n t e e y o u g e t c a n c e r.
They are faulty genes in repair mechanisms
of the cell cycle.
 Tu m o r S u p r e s s o r O n c o g e n e s : I f s o m e t h i n g
goes wrong during cell division, the cell
doesn’t have a way to fix the problem and the
cells grow out of control.
 Tu m o r I n d u c i n g O n c o g e n e s : o v e r e x p r e s s i o n
of proteins that stimulate cell reproduction
 Proto-oncogenes: genes that are normal but
have the potential to cause a cell to become
cancerous if mutated (mutations caused by
other risk factors)
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II. Pathogenesis of Cancer
A.
Typical signs that a person with a malignant tumor may
observe are:
Ch a n g e i n b o w e l o r b l a d d e r h a b i t s
A sore that doesn’t heal
Un u s u a l b l e e d i n g o r d i s c h a r g e
Th i c ke n i n g o r l u m p i n a b r e a s t o r e l s e w h e r e
In d i g e s t i o n (d i f f i c u l t y s w a l l o w i n g )
Ob v i o u s c h a n g e i n a w a r t o f m o l e
Na g g i n g c o u g h o r h o a r s e n e s s
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The most important step in treating cancer is d e t e c t i n g
it early before it metastasizes.
B.
1.
Self-Examination: o n e l o o k s a t t h e i r b o d y o r b o d y
parts for any abnormalities.
2.
Diagnostic Imaging: m u l t i p l e m e t h o d s / p r o c e d u r e s
are currently in use for making images of
internal organs (p. 106-107 in text)
3.
Biopsy: u s u a l l y p e r f o r m e d a f t e r a n e o p l a s m h a s
already been detected. The neoplasm is
removed and examined for abnormal tissue
cells
4.
Blood Test: B l o o d i s s c r e e n e d f o r c h a n g e s i n
blood chemistry or cell composition. These
signs could be changes in ion concentration,
enzymes, proteins, or cell numbers. Once
these signs have been confirmed other
diagnostic technique may be used.
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The diagnosis of cancer and the type of cancer can lead a
physician to make a prognosis.
C.
Prognosis – a s t a t e m e n t a b o u t t h e p r o b a b l e
outcome of the disease
1.
Usually without treatment t h o s e w i t h c a n c e r d i e
because the cancer spreads and effects
multiple parts of the body
Metastasis – The cancer resulting from the
spread of the primary tumor
1.
When a cancer patient dies it is usually because o f a
secondary infection, organ failure,
hemorrhage, and other factors left
undetermined
Cachexia – a s y n d r o m e i n v o l v i n g t h e l o s s o f
appetite, severe weight loss and general
weakness
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III. Treatments of Cancer
A.
The first step to treating cancers is the r e m o v a l of
t u m o r s . This isn’t possible for all cancers because:
(1) some tumors are in areas surgeons
can’t each without causing too much
harm, (2)some tumors are too large and
widespread, and (3)some cancers do not
have localized tumors.
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Methods of Cancer Treatment include:
B.
1.
Surgery: c a n b e u s e d t o d i a g n o s e , t r e a t , o r h e l p
prevent cancer depending on the case. Offers
the greatest chance for a cure, especially if
the cancer has not metastasized
2.
Chemotherapy: i s t h e u s e o f m e d i c i n e s o r d r u g s t o
t e a c h c a n c e r. A l k y l a t i n g d r u g s d a m a g e t h e
DNA of cancer cells, antimetabolites
substitute normal building blocks of the DNA
and RNA, anti-tumor antibiotics interfere
with enzymes involved in DNA replication,
topoisomerase inhibitors interfere with
enzymes that separate DNA strands for
synthesis, mitotic inhibitors interrupt the M
phase of cancer growth
SURGERY
CHEMOTHERAPY
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3. Radiation Therapy: h i g h - e n e r g y p a r t i c l e s o r
waves destroy or damage cancer cells.
4. Targeted Therapy: u s e s d r u g s o r o t h e r
substance to more precisely identify and
attack cancer cells either by the enzymes
the produce or the proteins on their
surfaces usually while doing little damage
to normal cells.
5. Hyperthermia: i n c r e a s i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f
cancer cells makes them more likely to be
affected by radiation therapy or
c h e m o t h e r a p y.
RADIATION THERAPY
HYPERTHERMIA
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6. Immunotherapy: t r e a t m e n t t h a t u s e s y o u r
b o d y ’s o w n i m m u n e s y s t e m t o h e l p f i g h t
c a n c e r. A c t i v e i m m u n o t h e r a p i e s s t i m u l a t e
t h e b o d y ’s o w n i m m u n e s y s t e m t o f i g h t t h e
disease Passive immunotherapies use
immune system components made in the
lab.
7. Bone marrow and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplant:
hematopoietic stem cells (blood -forming
cells) from a donor are transplanted when
bone marrow cells in the patient are
destroyed by disease.
8. Photodynamic Therapy: u s e s s p e c i a l d r u g s
(called photosensitizing agents) that work
when they are “turned on” by certain kinds
of light.
IMMUNOTHEAPY
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT
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9. Laser Therapy: l a s e r s , w h i c h a r e p o w e r f u l ,
precise beams of light, can be used instead
of blades (scalpels) for very careful
surgical work, including treating some
cancers.
10. Hormone Treatment: d o c t o r s a t t e m p t t o b l o c k
the production of hormones that are
f e e d i n g t h e g r o w t h o f c a n c e r.
11. Molecular Targeted Therapy: t h e r a p i e s t h a t i n h i b i t
the proteins and genes of different types
o f c a n c e r.