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Pharaohs
Identifying Detail No Ducks in the Water
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Main Idea Pharaohs
Sequencing The Ice Age and the Woolly Mammoth
Compare and Contrast Salt and Silk
Fact and Opinion Carly and the Glass Sneaker
Cause and Effect The Rubbish Monster
Written by Jerry Alexander
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Pharaohs
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Ancient Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
The Power of the Pharaohs . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Choosing a Pharaoh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Symbols of the Pharaohs . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Pyramids of the Pharaohs . . . . . . . . . . . 14
The First Pharaoh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
The End of the Pharaohs . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Written by Jerry Alexander
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Introduction
The pharaohs were the kings of ancient Egypt.
Pharaohs ruled Egypt for over 2,500 years.
In the history of Egypt, there are families of
pharaohs. Each family is called a dynasty.
From the first pharaoh to the last, there were
31 dynasties.
The word pharaoh means great house. At first,
the Egyptians used the word to mean the king’s
palace. In the 18th Dynasty, they started to use
it to mean simply the king.
Time Line of Ancient Egypt
Persian Empire
conquers Egypt.
Female pharaoh
Hatshepsut rules.
Egyptians build the
city of Memphis.
Egyptians build the
Great Pyramid.
3000−2500 BC
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Egyptians begin
building in the
Valley of the Kings.
2500−2000 BC
2000−1500 BC
Thutmose III rules.
Greeks conquer
Egypt.
Akhenaton makes
Egyptians worship
the sun.
1500−1000 BC
Roman Empire
conquers Egypt.
1000−500 BC
Cleopatra VII rules.
500 BC−1 AD
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Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt and the Nile River
Ancient Egypt grew up by the Nile River.
The Nile flows through the desert of northern
Africa. People began to live there thousands
of years ago.
Mediterranean Sea
AFRICA
Memphis
Giza pyramids
Libya
Egypt
Valley of the Kings
Saudi Arabia
Nile Rive
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ea
dS
Re
The banks of the Nile are good for farming.
Every year, the Nile floods. The floodwater
dumps a large amount of fine, rich soil, or
silt, on the nearby land. The floods were very
important to the ancient Egyptians. Silt from
floods allowed people to grow food to live.
Sudan
0
500
Eritrea
Key
Where ancient Egyptians lived
Borders of modern-day countries
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The Power of the Pharaohs
The pharaohs began as powerful priests.
Pharaohs were the link between gods and
people. People thought the pharaohs could talk
to the gods. They thought the pharaohs could
make sure the Nile flooded well. They thought
only the pharaohs could keep order. This power
of the pharaohs was called ma’at.
In time, the Egyptians began to think the
pharaohs were living gods. They thought the
pharaohs would become real gods after
they died.
When the pharaoh died, ancient Egyptians
thought he became Osiris, king of the dead.
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