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Pharaohs Identifying Detail No Ducks in the Water 26 Main Idea Pharaohs Sequencing The Ice Age and the Woolly Mammoth Compare and Contrast Salt and Silk Fact and Opinion Carly and the Glass Sneaker Cause and Effect The Rubbish Monster Written by Jerry Alexander for approval for approval for approval for approval for approval Y s' L er ON ch n ea tio r t ec Fo sp in Pharaohs Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Ancient Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The Power of the Pharaohs . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Choosing a Pharaoh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Symbols of the Pharaohs . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Pyramids of the Pharaohs . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The First Pharaoh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The End of the Pharaohs . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Written by Jerry Alexander al for approval for approval for approval f Y s' L er ON ch n ea tio r t ec Fo sp in Introduction The pharaohs were the kings of ancient Egypt. Pharaohs ruled Egypt for over 2,500 years. In the history of Egypt, there are families of pharaohs. Each family is called a dynasty. From the first pharaoh to the last, there were 31 dynasties. The word pharaoh means great house. At first, the Egyptians used the word to mean the king’s palace. In the 18th Dynasty, they started to use it to mean simply the king. Time Line of Ancient Egypt Persian Empire conquers Egypt. Female pharaoh Hatshepsut rules. Egyptians build the city of Memphis. Egyptians build the Great Pyramid. 3000−2500 BC 2 Egyptians begin building in the Valley of the Kings. 2500−2000 BC 2000−1500 BC Thutmose III rules. Greeks conquer Egypt. Akhenaton makes Egyptians worship the sun. 1500−1000 BC Roman Empire conquers Egypt. 1000−500 BC Cleopatra VII rules. 500 BC−1 AD for approval for approval for approval for approval for approval 3 Y s' L er ON ch n ea tio r t ec Fo sp in Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt and the Nile River Ancient Egypt grew up by the Nile River. The Nile flows through the desert of northern Africa. People began to live there thousands of years ago. Mediterranean Sea AFRICA Memphis Giza pyramids Libya Egypt Valley of the Kings Saudi Arabia Nile Rive r ea dS Re The banks of the Nile are good for farming. Every year, the Nile floods. The floodwater dumps a large amount of fine, rich soil, or silt, on the nearby land. The floods were very important to the ancient Egyptians. Silt from floods allowed people to grow food to live. Sudan 0 500 Eritrea Key Where ancient Egyptians lived Borders of modern-day countries 4 for approval for approval for approval for approval for approval 5 Y s' L er ON ch n ea tio r t ec Fo sp in The Power of the Pharaohs The pharaohs began as powerful priests. Pharaohs were the link between gods and people. People thought the pharaohs could talk to the gods. They thought the pharaohs could make sure the Nile flooded well. They thought only the pharaohs could keep order. This power of the pharaohs was called ma’at. In time, the Egyptians began to think the pharaohs were living gods. They thought the pharaohs would become real gods after they died. When the pharaoh died, ancient Egyptians thought he became Osiris, king of the dead. 6 for approval for approval for approval for approval for approval 7