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CONTROL QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION
ON OPERATIVE SURGERY AND TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
for foreign students training in english
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GENERAL QUESTIONS
1. Role of N.I. Pirogoff and V.N. Shevkunenko in the development of topographic anatomy
and operative surgery.
1)The methods of topographo-anatomic studies of N.I. PiroÂgoff.
2)Interrelations of the blood vessels and fasciae. PiroÂgoff`s laws.
3)Role of V.N. Shevkunenko in the creation and development of the type anatomy.
4)Two extreme forms of the body build.
5)Position of the organs of thoracic and abdominal cavity depending on the type of the
body build.
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2.Exposure of the vessels and nerves of the extemities.
1)Interrelations neurovascular bundles and fasciae.
2)Pirogoff's laws. Practical importance.
3)Straight (direct) and roundabout accesses for exposure of the vessels and nerves.
4)Advantages and shortcomings of the straight (direct) and roundabout accesses .
5)Definition of the "optimum level of the ligation of the arteries". The intersystemic and
intrasystemic anastomoÂses.
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UPPERÂ LIMB
3.Topography of the deltoid region.
1)Layers.
2)Interrelations of the deep fascia with deltoid muscle.
3)Nerves and vessels.
4)The subdeltoid fat space.
5)Communications of the subdeltoid fat space with fat spaÂces of the adjacent regions.
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4.Topography of the shoulder joint.
1)Bones, surface landmarks, projection of the articular slit.
2)Intraarticular structure and ligaments.
3)Lax places of the capsule and synovial bursae.
4)Strengthening of the joint by the muscles. Skeletotopy of the vessels and nerves around
joint.
5)Puncture of the shoulder joint.
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5.Topography of the scapular region.
1)Topography of the layers. Superficial fat space.
2)Osteofibrous beds of the scapula. Ways of the pus spreÂading.
3)Peculiarity of blood supply: arterial anastomosis around the scapula. Clinical
importance.
4)Antescapular slits. Ways of pus spreading from these slits.
5)Surgical incisions in purulent processes of the scapular region.
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6.Topography of the infraclavicular region.
1)Layer. Subpectoral fat spaces. Ways of pus spreading.
2)Syntopy and skeletotopy of the main neuovascular bundle under clavicle (in clavipectoral
triangle). Clinical imÂportance.
3)The line of the projection of the subclavian artery and the brachial plexus.
4)The operative accesses to the subclavian artery.
5)Collateral circulation in ligation of the subclavian arÂtery.
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7.Topography of the axillary region.
1)Layers. Peculiarity of the structure of the skin. CliniÂcal importance.
2)Walls of the axillary fossa.
3)Intermuscular space of the posterior wall of the axillaÂry region: triangular and
quadrilateral.
4)Topography of the triangles of the anterior wall of the axillary fossa.
5)Syntopy vessels and nerves on different levels (in triÂangles).
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8.Topographyc anatomy of the anterior region of the arm.
1)Topography of the layers.
2)Syntopy of the main neurovascular bundle of this region. Relation of the brachial artery
and median nerve on the different level of the arm.
3)Peculiarity topography of the ulnar nerve and musculocuÂtaneous nerve.
4)The line of the projection of the brachial artery and median nerve.
5)Optimum level of the ligation of the brachial artery. Collateral circulation in ligation of
the brachial arteÂry.
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9.Topography of the posterior region of the arm.
1)Topography of the layers.
2)Walls and contents of the humeromuscular canal. Clinical importance.
3)The line of the projection of the radial nerve in the arm.
4)Exposure of the radial nerve in the arm.
5)Surgical incisions in phlegmon of the posterior fascial compartment of the arm.
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10.The anterior elbow region.
1)Superficial layers. Peculiarity of the disposition of the superficial veins. Clinical
importance.
2)Walls and floor of the cubital fossa.
3)Sulcuses. Neurovascular bundles.
4)Syntopy of the brachial artery in cubital fossa. CliniÂcal importance.
5)The projection of the brachial artery in cubital fossa. Exposure of the brachial artery in
the cubital fossa.
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11.Topography of the elbow joint.
1)Bones, surface landmarks, projection of the articular slit.
2)Places of the attachment of the articular capsule, ligaÂments.
3)Lax places of the capsule. Clinical importance. Synovial bursae.
4)Skeletotopy of the neurovascular bundles and possible complications in posterior
dislocation of the forearm.
5)Puncture of the elbow joint.
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12.Topographyc anatomy of the anterior region of the forearm.
1)Topography of layers.
2)Sulcuses. Pirogoff's fat space. Clinical importance.
3)The lines of the projection of the radial artery, ulnar artery and nerve and median nerve.
4)Syntopy of the neurovascular bundles.
5)Surgical incisions in phlegmons of the forearm.
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13.Topography of the palm of the hand.
1)Peculiarity of the structures skin, subcutaneous tissue, palmar aponeurosis.
2)The palmar fascial spaces.
3)Fat spaces of the palm of the hand.
4)Blood supply and innervation of the hand. "Dangerous zoÂne" of the hand.
5)Incisions in purulent processes of the hand.
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14.Blood supply and innervation of the hand and fingers.
1)Main and additional sources of the blood supply of the hand and fingers.
2)Innervation of the skin of the hand and fingers.
3)Innervation of the muscles of the palm of the hand.
4)"Dangerous zone" of the hand.
5)Surgical incisions in purulent processes of the hand and fingers.
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15.Topography of the flexor synovial sheathes.
1)Synovial bursae of the palm: name and topography.
2)Communication of the synovial bursae with each other and with digital synovial
sheathes.
3)Syntopy of the synovial bursae in carpal tunnel. CliniÂcal importance.
4)Way of the pus spreading in rupture of the proximal part of the bursae.
5)U-shaped phlegmon. Surgical incisons in U-shaped phlegÂmon of the hand.
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16.Digital tendinous sheathes.
1)Scheme of structure of the tendinous sheath (layers surÂrounding tendons) on crosssection through the middle phalanx of a finger.
2)Digital synovial sheathes (walls, contents, beginning and end).
3)Blood supply and innervation of the tendon in tendinous sheathes.
4)Tendovaginitis (definition). Surgical incisions in tenÂdovaginitis.
5)Pulp space of the fingers.
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LOWER LIMB
17.Topography of the gluteal region.
1)The boundaries. Surface landmarks.
2)Layers. Peculiarities of layers.
3)Foramina of the gluteal region. Vessels and nerves.
4)Skeletotopy of superior gluteal artery. Clinical imporÂtance.
5)Localization of fat space. The ways of pus spreading.
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18.Topography of the hip joint.
1)Bones, surface landmarks, projection of the articular slit.
2)Ligaments and places of the attachment of the articular capsule, muscles.
3)Lax (weak) places of the capsule. Practical importance.
4)Line of Rozer-Nelaton. Practical importance. Skeletotopy of the vessels and nerves
around joint.
5)Puncture of the hip joint.
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19.Topography of the anterior region of the thigh.
1)Layers.
2)The femoral triangle, its boundaries and floor.
3)Syntopy of main neurovascular bundle on different level of the triangle.
4)Line of projection of femoral artery. Accesses to artery.
5)Optimum level of ligation of the femoral artery. CollaÂteral circulation.
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20.Topography of the femoral canal.
1)Muscular lacuna: walls and contents.
2)Vascular lacuna: walls, contents and syntopy.
3)Walls of femoral canal.
4)Deep ring of femoral canal. "Corona mortis" ("corona of death").
5)Superficial ring of the femoral canal.
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21.Anterior region of the thigh.
1)Layers.
2)The walls of adductor (Gunter) canal.
3)The foramina of adductor canal.
4)Vessels and nerve and their syntopy.
5)Connection of this canal with adjacent region. The ways of pus spreading.
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22.Topography of the posterior region of the thigh.
1)Layers.
2)Disposition of sciatic nerve.
3)Communication fat of posterior fascial compartment with adjacent region.
4)Projection line of the sciatic nerve.
5)Exposure of the sciatic nerve in the posterior femoral region.
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23.Topography of the knee joint.
1)Bones, surface landmarks, projection of the articular slit.
2)Places of the attachment of the articular capsule, ligaÂments, muscles.
3)Lax places of the capsule. Synovial bursae.
4)Skeletotopy of the neurovascular bundles and possible complications in posterior
dislocation of the leg.
5)Puncture of the knee joint.
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23a.Posterior knee region.
1)Layers.
2)The walls and floor of the popliteal fossa.
3)Syntopy and skeletotopy of the neurovascular bundle of the fossa (in saggital and frontal
plane).
4)Projection of the popliteal artery.
5)Accesses to popliteal artery. Collateral circulation in ligation of popliteal artery.
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24.Topography of the back of the leg.
1)Layers. Superficial veins (clinical importance).
2)The superficial and deep groups muscles and fasciae.
3)The cruropopliteal canal (Gruber).
4)The vessels and nerves of cruropopliteal canal. Foramina of cruropopliteal canal and
their contents.
5)Connection of fat of cruropopliteal region with fat of adjacent regions. Clinical
importance. Accesses in phlegmon of this fat space.
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25.Topography of the front of the leg.
1)Boundaries. Layers.
2)Topography of vessels and nerve of the anterior fascial compartment in different part of
leg.
3)The lateral compartment of the leg.
4)Projection line of anterior tibial artery and deep peroÂneal nerve.
5)Exposure of the anterior tibial artery. The collateral circulation in ligation of the posterior
artery.
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26.Topography of the region of the ankle.
1)Boundaries. Surface landmarks. Layers.
2)Anterior aspect of the ankle.
3)Posterior aspect of the ankle.
4)Medial aspect of the ankle. Projection of the posterior tibial artery.
5)Lateral aspect of the ankle.
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27.Topography of the sole of the foot.
1)Peculiarity of structure of skin and subcutaneous tissuÂes of the sole. Projection of
sulcuses.
2)The plantar aponeuroses.
3)The fascial speaces of the sole. Muscles.
4)Sulcuses, canals, vessels and nerves.
5)Communication of fat. The ways of pus spreading.
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OPERATIONS ON THE EXTREMITIES
28.Operations on the vessels and nerves.
1)Suturing and suture materiels.
2)Vascular anastomosis.
3)Microvascular surgery.
4)Surgical repair of divided nerves.
5)Peculiarity of the suture of the nerve with using of microsurgical technique.
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29. Ligation of the brachial artery along the length.
1)The line of the projection of the brachial artery on the arm.
2)Syntopy of the brachial artery on different level.
3)Optimum level of the ligation of the brachial artery on the arm.
4)Ligation of the brachial artery in cubital fossa. Line of incisions, orientation for finding
artery.
5)Collateral circulation in ligation of the brachial artery.
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30. Exposure and ligation of the poplital artery.
1)Indications to operations.
2)Accesses to popliteal artery.
3)Syntopy and skeletotopy of the popliteal artery.
4)Acesses through Joberov's fossa. Walls of the Joberov's fossa.
5)Collateral circulation in ligation of the popliteal arÂtery.
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31. Common principles amputations of extremities.
1)Definitions of the amputation and exarticulation.
2)Indications.
3)Classification amputations on time criterion and in acÂcordance with the form of
incision of soft tissues.
4)Peculiarity amputations in children.
5)Amputation through the forearm.
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32. Amputation and exarticulation of the fingrs on the hand.
1)Exarticulation of the phalanges. Surface marcing of the joints.
...
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